New Zealand citizenship is the legal status that gives a person the full rights and responsibilities of being a New Zealander, including the right to hold a New Zealand passport, live in New Zealand indefinitely, and participate fully in civic life.
New Zealand has three main citizenship categories in law and official guidance: citizenship by birth, citizenship by descent, and citizenship by grant. In practice, that means some people are citizens automatically because of where they were born or who their parents are, while others must apply after building a sufficiently strong legal connection to New Zealand through residence and physical presence. Partnership, adoption, and investor situations can matter, but they do not create fully separate, stand-alone citizenship regimes in the same way that birth, descent, and grant do.
For most adult migrants, the main path is citizenship by grant. The core legal test is demanding but transparent: the applicant must be entitled to stay in New Zealand indefinitely, must usually have been physically present for at least 1,350 days over the previous five years and at least 240 days in each of those five years, and must satisfy the Minister on character, English, knowledge of the responsibilities and privileges of citizenship, and future intention to keep living in New Zealand or remain in qualifying New Zealand service overseas.
Processing has improved materially. The dedicated timeframes page updated in May 2026 states that within three months of submission, 91% of applicants receive an outcome, and within eight months, 91% are granted citizenship. After approval, a citizenship ceremony usually follows within two to five months. Official citizenship fees currently start at NZD 243 for descent registration and go up to NZD 560 for an adult citizenship-by-grant application, with additional costs possible for translations, courier delivery, photos, document certification, and professional help.
There are three especially important reality checks for applicants in 2026. First, New Zealand does not currently offer direct citizenship by marriage or direct citizenship by investment; both can be part of a larger migration journey that ends in citizenship by grant, but neither is a shortcut. Second, adoption cases have become more sensitive after the 2025 suspension affecting many overseas adoptions for immigration and citizenship purposes. Third, a citizenship test has been announced for most citizenship-by-grant applicants from late 2027, but it does not apply to people who have already applied or who apply before it takes effect.
Want to understand which New Zealand citizenship pathway fits your situation best? Leave a request for a consultation, and our immigration specialists will assess your eligibility, explain the legal requirements, and help you prepare a strong application strategy tailored to your case.
Get a free consultation on the New Zealand citizenship application process
Fill in the short form below and Mycitizenagency specialist will contact you as soon as possible
Types of New Zealand Citizenship
Officially, New Zealand describes three main types of citizenship: by birth, by descent, and by grant. For practical immigration planning, however, it is useful to explain how partnership, adoption, and investor situations fit into that framework, because they are frequent search intents even though they are not always separate legal categories.
Citizenship by birth
If you were born in New Zealand before January 1, 2006, you are generally a New Zealand citizen by birth. If you were born in New Zealand on or after January 1, 2006, you are a citizen by birth only if, at the time of your birth, at least one parent was a New Zealand citizen or was entitled to reside in New Zealand indefinitely. The law also protects some stateless and foundling situations.
This is a crucial point for anyone researching “birthright citizenship” in New Zealand. New Zealand no longer operates unconditional jus soli for all babies born on its territory. Since the 2005 amendment that took effect for births from January 1, 2006 onward, parental status matters.
Citizenship by descent
Citizenship by descent usually applies when a person is born outside New Zealand and, at the time of birth, at least one parent was a New Zealand citizen otherwise than by descent. In practice, that means the parent was a citizen by birth or by grant, not merely by descent, unless the child would otherwise be stateless. A person who qualifies by descent still needs to register that citizenship to make it official for passport purposes.
A major limitation matters here: a citizen by descent generally cannot automatically pass New Zealand citizenship to children born outside New Zealand. If that matters for long-term family planning, upgrading to citizenship by grant later can be strategically important, because citizenship by grant can be passed on to children born overseas as long as the parent becomes a citizen by grant before the child is born.
Citizenship by grant
Citizenship by grant is the ordinary naturalisation route for migrants who have settled in New Zealand. For adults, it is the legally central route under section 8 of the Citizenship Act 1977. It requires indefinite residence rights, enough physical presence, good character, sufficient English, sufficient knowledge of the responsibilities and privileges of citizenship, and an intention to continue your connection to New Zealand.
The law also contains special-case grant powers. Under section 9, the Minister may grant citizenship to certain children under 16, to people whose parent was a New Zealand citizen by descent at their birth, to applicants in public-interest cases involving exceptional humanitarian or similar circumstances, or to a person who would otherwise be stateless. Those powers exist, but they are exceptional rather than routine.
Marriage or partnership
There is no direct “citizenship by marriage” in New Zealand today. That is not just a practical point; it reflects the law itself. The former section titled “Grant of citizenship to spouse of New Zealand citizen” is marked as repealed in the Citizenship Act’s current contents, and today a relationship with a New Zealander is relevant mainly because it can support a residence pathway, not because it gives immediate citizenship.
The most common pathway is therefore indirect: a person in a genuine and stable legal marriage, civil union, or de facto relationship may qualify for a Partner of a New Zealander Resident Visa, then later a Permanent Resident Visa, and after enough time living in New Zealand as a resident may become eligible for citizenship by grant. Immigration New Zealand explicitly states that marriage alone is not enough evidence and that partnership applications are assessed carefully.
Adoption
Adoption is one of the most fact-sensitive citizenship areas in New Zealand law. Depending on where and when the person was born, where and when the adoption occurred, and whether the adoptive parents were New Zealand citizens or people entitled to live in New Zealand indefinitely, an adopted person may be a citizen by birth, by descent, or may instead need a residence pathway first.
There is a major recent change here. Since September 18, 2025, New Zealand has suspended recognition of many overseas adoptions for citizenship and immigration purposes unless they fall within protected categories such as Hague Convention adoption rules or exempt countries. The Government and Immigration New Zealand both describe this as an immediate policy and legal tightening to prevent unsafe international adoptions. For applicants in adoption-based cases, current legal advice is often essential.
Investor route
New Zealand does not currently offer a direct citizenship-by-investment programme. What it offers is an investor residence pathway, most notably the Active Investor Plus Visa. Under that route, applicants invest substantial funds, live under resident status, and can later apply for permanent residence if they meet the programme’s conditions. Citizenship, if pursued later, is still obtained through the ordinary citizenship-by-grant framework, not through a separate investor-citizenship law.
That distinction matters because many global investors search for “citizenship by investment” when what New Zealand actually provides is “residence by investment.” The Active Investor Plus Visa requires at least NZD 5 million under the Growth category or NZD 10 million under the Balanced category, and it leads first to residence rather than citizenship.
| Route | Who it is mainly for | Core legal or practical rule | Passing citizenship to a child born overseas | Typical first action |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| By birth | People born in New Zealand in qualifying circumstances | Birth in New Zealand before 2006 usually qualifies automatically; from 2006 onward, parental status matters | Usually yes, if the parent is a citizen otherwise than by descent | Confirm status and obtain proof if needed |
| By descent | People born overseas to a qualifying New Zealand parent | Parent usually must have been a citizen by birth or grant when the child was born | Not automatically if the parent remains only a citizen by descent | Register citizenship by descent |
| By grant | Settled residents in New Zealand | Indefinite residence rights, physical presence, character, English, knowledge, intention | Yes, once granted before the child’s birth | Apply for citizenship by grant |
| Via marriage or partnership | Spouses, civil union partners, or de facto partners of New Zealanders | Relationship supports residence first; no direct citizenship by marriage | Not automatic for spouse | Obtain partner-based residence, then later apply by grant |
| Via adoption | Adopted persons in qualifying domestic or overseas cases | Outcome depends on place and timing of birth and adoption, plus parents’ status | Depends on resulting status | Confirm whether the case leads to birth, descent, or residence first |
| Via investment | High-net-worth investors | Residence through Active Investor Plus first; no direct citizenship by investment | Only after later citizenship by grant | Obtain investor residence, then later assess grant eligibility |
This table synthesizes the current official route framework in Govt.nz guidance, Immigration New Zealand visa pages, and the Citizenship Act 1977.
New Zealand Citizenship Requirements
For most readers, the most important section is the grant route, because that is where residence, timing, documents, and legal criteria converge. The legal basis is section 8 of the Citizenship Act, supported by more user-friendly guidance from Govt.nz and DIA.
General requirements
For an adult citizenship-by-grant application, the law requires that the applicant be at least 16, be of full capacity, apply in the prescribed manner, and satisfy the Minister that they meet all substantive requirements. Those substantive requirements are indefinite residence rights, physical presence, good character, sufficient knowledge of the responsibilities and privileges of citizenship, sufficient knowledge of English, and an intention to keep residing in New Zealand or to remain in qualifying NZ-connected service overseas.
Govt.nz’s requirements pages describe the same architecture in simpler terms: presence in New Zealand, language ability, character, and special rules for children and Samoan applicants. If you do not meet a requirement, exceptional discretionary grants are possible only in rare cases, and the Minister remains the final decision-maker.
Documents needed
At the application stage, New Zealand expects a practical identity package rather than a single magic document. For citizenship by grant, Govt.nz says applicants need documents proving identity, such as a birth certificate or birth record and a passport or travel document. Online applicants need a RealMe login, digital copies of photos and documents, a payment card, and an identity referee; postal or in-person applicants need the completed form, a witness, original documents, and two identical photos.
If English is not your first language, you must include evidence that you can speak English. Accepted documents include school certificates or reports, IELTS documentation, employer reference letters, academic transcripts, and university certificates. If the case officer is not satisfied, an interview may follow.
For descent registration, the standard document set is slightly different. Govt.nz says applicants typically need a full birth certificate showing parents’ names, a current passport or photo ID, and passport photos, with extra documents if the person changed their name, was adopted, or needs translations. For non-English documents, translation is permitted either through a New Zealand translation agency or through a government agency or court in the country of issue.
The most commonly required documents and evidence include:
- Birth certificate or birth record.
Core identity evidence required in most citizenship by grant and citizenship by descent cases. - Passport or travel document.
Used for identity verification. A current passport is generally preferred. - Passport photographs or digital photographs.
Required for identity verification. The format depends on whether the application is submitted online or on paper. - Identity referee or witness.
Online applications usually require an identity referee, while paper or in-person applications require a witness. - Proof of English language ability.
Required in grant applications where English is not the applicant’s first language. School records, IELTS results, employer references, and academic documents may be accepted. - Name-change, marriage, civil union, or adoption documents.
Necessary when personal details differ across official documents or where family status must be confirmed. - Police certificates or clearance information.
May be requested during character assessment, particularly if the applicant lived overseas while holding New Zealand residence status. - Certified translations.
Any document not issued in English must generally be translated. Official guidance allows translations completed either by a professional New Zealand translation agency or by a government authority or court in the country where the document was issued.
This checklist is based on official New Zealand citizenship application, preparation, language, descent, and character guidance.
Residency and physical presence
The residence and presence rules are where many otherwise strong applications fail. New Zealand’s citizenship law does not simply ask whether you have ever had residence; it asks whether, at application time, you are entitled to be in New Zealand indefinitely and whether you have been there long enough in the relevant five-year period. If you still have residence-class conditions that have not been met or cancelled, you may not yet qualify. Govt.nz specifically warns residence-visa holders to resolve conditions before applying.
For most adult applicants, the standard physical presence rule is at least 1,350 days during the five years immediately before the application and at least 240 days in each of those five years. Govt.nz adds a useful practical shortcut: if you were outside New Zealand for more than four months in any 12-month period, or more than 15 months in total across the five years, you may not meet the threshold. Time spent overseas on Crown service can count as time in New Zealand.
There is also a narrow lesser-days discretion in section 8. In exceptional circumstances particular to the applicant, the Minister can accept a shorter presence period, but only if the person was physically present in New Zealand for at least 450 days during the 20 months immediately before the application while entitled to stay indefinitely. This is a safety valve, not a mainstream strategy.
Children follow a different logic. If at least one parent or legal guardian is already a New Zealand citizen, or is applying and meets the requirements, the child does not need to show the same specific five-year time pattern. A child applying alone without a New Zealand-citizen parent generally needs resident status for eight months or more in each of the past five years.
Language, character, financial, and health considerations
For citizenship by grant, English is assessed at a practical level. The official wording is that you must be able to hold a basic conversation in English. If English is not your first language, supporting evidence should be filed with the application, and the Citizenship Office may ask for an interview if there are doubts. Children aged 14 and 15 must meet the English requirement, while children 13 and under do not.
Character is taken seriously. Govt.nz says you are very unlikely to get citizenship if you have pending charges in any country, a criminal conviction in the last three years, any prison sentence in the last seven years, an ever sentence of more than five years, or an undischarged protection order. Applicants must also disclose a wider set of issues, including convictions outside the Clean Slate scheme, government investigations, fraud-related bankruptcy, terrorism, and international crimes. If the Citizenship Office later discovers undisclosed information, refusal is possible, and existing citizenship can even be taken away in some cases.
New Zealand’s statute also imposes disqualifying-conviction rules for citizenship grants: the Minister must generally not grant citizenship to people sentenced to imprisonment of five years or more, to people who served shorter prison sentences within the previous seven years, or to people convicted without imprisonment within the previous three years, unless exceptional circumstances justify a different result.
There is no separate statutory financial threshold for ordinary citizenship by grant in section 8, and the official citizenship requirements pages do not list a minimum income, savings, or sponsorship requirement the way visa categories often do. That is best understood as an inference from the law and official guidance: financial criteria usually matter earlier, at the residence-visa stage rather than at the citizenship stage.
Likewise, there is no stand-alone medical exam requirement in the citizenship-by-grant criteria. That is another important inference from the legislation and official citizenship pages. Health testing belongs mainly to residence-visa pathways like partner or investor visas, where Immigration New Zealand still requires applicants to be in good health and may require medicals and chest X-rays.
Find out how to obtain citizenship faster
How to Apply for New Zealand Citizenship
The standard grant process is simpler on paper than many applicants expect, but success depends on careful timing and documentary accuracy. Govt.nz now supports online, in-person, and postal applications for citizenship by grant, while descent claims use a separate registration process.
- Choose the correct route first.Check whether you are already a citizen by birth or descent before filing a grant application. Many people born overseas to New Zealand parents should be registering citizenship by descent, not applying by grant. Applicants in adoption, Samoa, or historic pre-1978 situations should check the route especially carefully.
- Check eligibility before you pay.For citizenship by grant, confirm your residence-class status, travel history, English, and character before applying. If you are relying on a residence visa, make sure any conditions have been met or cancelled.
- Assemble your identity and supporting evidence.For online filing, Govt.nz says you need RealMe, digital copies, a device with a camera, an identity referee, and a payment card. For paper or in-person filing, you need the completed form, original documents, a witness, and two identical photos. If English is not your first language, include proof of English ability.
- Submit the application and pay the fee.Citizenship by grant can be filed online, in person, or by post. Adult grant applications cost NZD 560 and child applications cost NZD 280. If you apply by post, send original documents in a tracked courier bag.
- Wait for assessment and respond quickly to requests.The Department uses automated checks first, then case-officer review where needed. Missing information, poor-quality photos, or overseas verification needs can slow a case. If you applied by post, Govt.nz says your original documents are usually couriered back after about four to six weeks.
- Attend your citizenship ceremony if approved.After approval, most people become citizens through the certificate-and-ceremony stage. The Act allows the Minister to require an oath or affirmation, and Govt.nz says approved applicants usually attend a public council-run ceremony.
- Apply for your passport separately if needed.Citizenship and passport issuance are different processes. Once you are a citizen, you can apply for a New Zealand passport online or on paper.
If your route is citizenship by descent, the filing path is different. Govt.nz says descent registration and passport processing are variable but applicants should allow at least eight weeks plus delivery time, and certain Samoa-related or adoption-related external checks can take much longer.
Processing Time, Fees, and Costs
The cleanest way to read current timeframes is to distinguish between the generic step page and the live timeframe page. Govt.nz’s overview page still says citizenship approval can take roughly three to fourteen months, but the dedicated timeframes page updated on May 1, 2026 states that 91% of applicants receive an outcome within three months and that 91% are granted citizenship within eight months. For practical planning, the live timeframe page is the more specific and current source.
There is no formal fast-track citizenship service. The timeframes page says there is no urgent citizenship service, although in rare cases the Department may assess an application out of queue order if the applicant provides documented evidence of circumstances such as a medical emergency, representing New Zealand, qualifying work or deployment needs, standing for election, or humanitarian reasons. Even then, the page is explicit that queue reordering does not eliminate the need for normal checks.
Ceremony timing should be built into real-world planning. Even after the citizenship application itself is approved, Govt.nz says the ceremony usually takes place within two to five months, and the invitation normally arrives about four weeks beforehand. That means “approval” and “being able to use citizenship” are close, but not always the same calendar event.
| Route or stage | Official timing guidance |
|---|---|
| Citizenship by grant decision stage | 91% receive an outcome within 3 months |
| Citizenship by grant completion stage | 91% are granted citizenship within 8 months |
| Govt.nz overview estimate for approval | About 3 to 14 months |
| Ceremony after approval | Usually 2 to 5 months |
| Citizenship by descent registration | Allow at least 8 weeks plus delivery |
| Samoa-related descent or some adoption checks | External checks can take 6 to 8 months in addition to standard processing |
| Urgent processing | No urgent service; rare out-of-queue assessment only with evidence |
This timing table combines the current grant timeframes page, ceremony guidance, and descent-registration guidance.
On fees, the December 2025 official fee page remains the controlling public schedule in 2026 unless and until the Government publishes an update. It states that adult citizenship by grant costs NZD 560, child citizenship by grant costs NZD 280, descent registration costs NZD 243, and renunciation costs NZD 474. Combined descent registration plus passport packages cost more, and urgent passport bundles cost more again.
| Fee item | Official amount |
|---|---|
| Citizenship by grant for an adult | NZD 560 |
| Citizenship by grant for a child | NZD 280 |
| Citizenship by descent registration for an adult | NZD 243 |
| Citizenship by descent registration with passport for an adult | NZD 490 |
| Citizenship by descent registration with urgent passport for an adult | NZD 737 |
| Citizenship by descent registration for a child | NZD 243 |
| Citizenship by descent registration with passport for a child | NZD 387 |
| Citizenship by descent registration with urgent passport for a child | NZD 634 |
| Replacement citizenship certificate | NZD 134 |
| Renunciation of citizenship | NZD 474 |
These fee amounts are from the New Zealand Government fee schedule updated after the November 2025 increase.
Beyond government fees, additional costs are real even though they are not standardized nationwide. Official pages confirm that applicants may need translations for non-English documents and courier delivery for some original documents, especially in descent cases. In practice, many applicants also incur costs for passport photos, document certification, travel to a public counter, and immigration or legal advice. The exact amount for those extras depends on the applicant’s country, document pack, and whether the case is routine or complex.
The biggest time-delay factors are also documented. DIA says some applications move faster because they can be assessed partially through automated checks, while others take longer because they need overseas information, have incomplete supporting documents, involve special legal frameworks, or require more manual intervention. Poor-quality photos can also slow processing.
Renewal, retention, and revocation
New Zealand citizenship itself does not expire and is not something you “renew” the way you renew a visa. Once granted, citizenship continues unless it is renounced or taken away under specific legal powers. What does expire is the passport. Govt.nz states that adult passports are valid for ten years and child passports for five years.
Retention is also comparatively straightforward because New Zealand allows dual or multiple citizenship. That means New Zealand normally does not force a new citizen to give up their prior nationality. The main caution is external: another country’s law may be stricter and may not permit dual citizenship or may place conditions on it.
Loss of citizenship can happen in three main ways under current law. First, a person aged 18 or over who is of full capacity and recognized as a citizen of another country may renounce New Zealand citizenship. Second, the Minister may deprive a citizen of citizenship in special cases involving another nationality when the person acted contrary to New Zealand’s interests. Third, citizenship acquired by grant or similar mechanisms can be taken away if it was procured by fraud, false representation, wilful concealment of relevant information, or mistake, subject to statutory safeguards and court review rights.
The practical lesson is simple: if you acquire New Zealand citizenship honestly and remain compliant, there is no residency-maintenance clock attached to citizenship itself. But false or incomplete information can matter long after the ceremony, which is why complete disclosure at application stage is essential.
Check your chances of getting a passport in chosen country free of charge
Leave a request for a free consultation with an immigration specialist at your convenient time
Common reasons for refusal
Most refusals are not mysterious. They map closely to the statutory criteria and the public-facing requirements pages. The most common problem areas are presence shortfalls, residence conditions that have not been met or cancelled, character issues, weak or missing English evidence, missing documents, and misunderstandings about the correct route.
Presence issues are especially common because applicants often count total years in New Zealand rather than the exact statutory day counts. Govt.nz warns that long trips abroad can break eligibility even when a person has “lived in New Zealand for years.” If you do not meet the presence rule and still apply, you are moving into the narrow and much slower discretionary space rather than the normal route.
Character refusals can arise from both serious and lesser matters. Pending charges, recent convictions, prison sentences within the statutory disqualification windows, and non-disclosure are all red flags. Even a case that does not fit the statutory disqualification rules can still fail if the Minister is not satisfied that the applicant is of good character overall.
Route confusion is another costly mistake. Marriage and investment does not equal citizenship. Adoption does not always equal citizenship, especially after the 2025 overseas-adoption changes. And some people who already qualify by descent mistakenly apply by grant or vice versa.
Expert tips for getting approved
The strongest practical tip is to treat citizenship as a timing problem as much as a legal one. Do not apply based on rough estimates of how long you have been in New Zealand. Use exact travel records, count backwards from the planned filing date, and make sure any residence-visa conditions have already been met or cancelled before submission. That alone prevents a large share of avoidable refusals.
The second major tip is disclosure discipline. The public guidance makes plain that non-disclosure can sink a case now and can also support deprivation later if citizenship was obtained by fraud or wilful concealment. If there is any conviction, investigation, financial recovery issue, or protection-order history, explain it clearly and file supporting documents rather than hoping it will not appear in checks.
The third tip is route discipline. If you are a spouse or partner of a New Zealander, think in two stages: residence first, citizenship afterward. If you are an investor, think in three stages: resident visa, permanent residence where applicable, then citizenship by grant if you later meet the normal residence-and-presence rule. If you are in an adoption case, assume nothing and verify everything against the current post-2025 rules.
The official data also gives a good reality check on discretionary cases. DIA says 43,586 people were approved to be granted New Zealand citizenship in 2024, showing that the routine system is active and sizable. But the same DIA publication shows that only 54 applications were considered in 2024 under the humanitarian or public-interest special-case pathway in section 9(1)(c), with 29 approved and 25 not approved. In 2022, some special approvals involved presence shortfalls linked to sports representation or work-related travel, while some presence-and-intention cases were refused. The lesson is clear: exceptional grants are real, but they are narrow and data-backed, not easy workarounds.
A final 2026-specific tip is to watch the forthcoming citizenship test announcement carefully. The Department of Internal Affairs has said that most adult citizenship-by-grant applicants will face a citizenship test from late 2027, but it has also said that this will not affect people who have already applied or who apply before the test comes into force. For applicants planning a filing window, that timing may matter.
If you want legal support with a New Zealand citizenship case, the most valuable time to get it is usually before you apply, not after a refusal. Professional help can be especially useful where the file involves travel-heavy residence histories, partnership evidence, adoption, historic descent claims, criminal or protection-order disclosures, or any argument for exceptional circumstances. A well-prepared application is usually faster, cleaner, and easier to defend than a rushed application built on assumptions rather than the official rules.
Frequently Asked Questions about New Zealand citizenship
We have compiled answers to the most common questions about obtaining New Zealand citizenship. If you did not find the information you were looking for or want to learn more about the requirements, timelines, and benefits of New Zealand passport, contact us for a free consultation.
Indefinitely. Citizenship gives the right to live in New Zealand without the expiry logic that applies to visas. Citizenship itself does not need renewal, although a passport still expires and must be renewed separately.
Yes. Citizens are entitled to live in New Zealand indefinitely and hold New Zealand passports. In practice, citizenship is a stronger status than residence for work and travel planning because it is not tied to visa conditions.
It is not “easy” in the sense of being automatic for most migrants, but it is rules-based and transparent. If you have the right residence status, enough physical presence, clean character, functional English, and a properly documented application, the route is clear. If one of those elements is missing, it becomes much harder.
Citizenship itself does not automatically make a spouse or partner a citizen. Partners and children usually use immigration routes, such as partnership or dependent-child pathways. For children, the answer depends on where they were born and whether the parent is a citizen by birth, descent, or grant.
Not necessarily. Govt.nz explains that a person with a current residence visa or permit can apply, as long as they are entitled to live in New Zealand indefinitely and any conditions on that residence status have been met or cancelled. A Permanent Resident Visa is not always required first.
No. New Zealand does not currently provide direct citizenship by marriage. Partnership may support residence, and residence may later support citizenship by grant, but marriage itself is not enough. Immigration New Zealand also stresses that a genuine and stable partnership must be proven with evidence, and marriage alone is not sufficient evidence for partnership-based immigration decisions.
No direct citizenship-by-investment programme is currently available. Investors can obtain residence under the Active Investor Plus framework and later assess citizenship by grant under the ordinary rules if they meet the grant criteria.
