Luxembourg is one of the wealthiest and safest countries in Europe and a member of the EU, which is why obtaining its citizenship attracts many immigrants. The status of a Luxembourg citizen provides more rights and freedoms than a residence permit (temporary residence) or even permanent residence. A citizen can freely live and work not only in Luxembourg but also in other EU countries, enjoy full social protection, and participate in elections. Unlike permanent residence, citizenship is granted for life and does not require renewal, and its holder receives a Luxembourg passport of the European standard.

This status is attractive to businesspeople (for expanding business within the EU), families (for social stability and their children’s future), students and highly skilled professionals aspiring to a career in Europe, and even former UK citizens after Brexit, who through Luxembourg citizenship effectively restore lost EU citizen rights (such as freedom of movement) while complementing their British citizenship with a second EU passport.

Thus, a Luxembourg citizen’s passport offers immigrants fundamentally different opportunities compared to temporary or permanent residence. Below, we will examine the benefits of citizenship, who is eligible for a Luxembourg passport, the ways to obtain it, the requirements that must be met, how long the process takes, and the practical steps applicants can expect in 2026.

Advantages of Luxembourg Citizenship

A Luxembourg passport offers its holder a number of significant advantages. First, it is one of the most powerful passports in the world: Luxembourg citizens can travel visa-free or obtain a visa on arrival in around 187 countries worldwide, including the United States, Canada, Australia, and all EU member states. Second, Luxembourg citizenship automatically makes you a citizen of the European Union. This means the right to live and work freely in any EU country without additional permits, to receive education on the same terms as locals, and to use the healthcare and social security systems of any EU member state. Third, Luxembourg citizens enjoy the full range of political rights in the Grand Duchy: they can vote in elections at all levels and run for public office, as well as hold government positions (which is not available even to permanent residence permit holders). Luxembourg citizenship also provides the protection of a strong legal system and the ability to seek assistance from Luxembourg consulates abroad when necessary.

It is also important to highlight the transmission of citizenship to children by descent. Citizenship status is passed on to descendants: children born to a Luxembourg citizen automatically become citizens, regardless of their place of birth. This provides long-term stability for the family, as future children and grandchildren will also be able to hold EU citizenship. At the same time, Luxembourg recognizes dual citizenship: naturalised citizens are not required to renounce their previous passport. You can retain your original nationality (if the legislation of your country allows it) while enjoying all the benefits of Luxembourg citizenship. As a result, a second citizenship in the form of Luxembourg nationality serves as a safeguard and offers additional opportunities without the loss of one’s current citizenship.

Finally, the Luxembourg passport is highly valued in the business community: it makes it easier to open bank accounts and companies across the EU and simplifies international travel for business purposes. Social guarantees (the pension system, benefits) and a high standard of living within the country are further arguments in favor of citizenship. Taken together, Luxembourg citizenship ensures personal security, global mobility, and long-term prospects for the entire family, clearly distinguishing it from temporary or permanent resident status.

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Who Is Eligible for Luxembourg Citizenship

Luxembourg legislation provides several grounds for obtaining citizenship, ranging from birth and descent to long-term residence or special merits. The main categories of persons who may apply for a passport of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg (a Luxembourg national passport) include:

• Descendants of Luxembourg citizens. This category includes, first, children born to Luxembourg citizens (who usually acquire citizenship automatically by descent, jus sanguinis). Second, it includes adult descendants of Luxembourgers in the direct line whose parents or grandparents were citizens but who did not acquire citizenship automatically. For such individuals, a procedure for the restoration of citizenship by descent (reclamation or repatriation based on ancestry) is предусмотрена. For example, many emigrants whose ancestors left Luxembourg in the early 20th century have used the descendants’ repatriation program to obtain Luxembourg citizenship by roots. It is important to remember that the special program for restoring citizenship through ancestors (Article 89 of the Citizenship Law) has a deadline: the declaration of restoration must be signed by 31 December 2025. After 2025, such cases will be considered under the general option procedure (see below).
• Foreign nationals who have permanently resided in Luxembourg for a certain period. Naturalisation is the main route for immigrants without Luxembourg roots. As a rule, it is necessary to live in the country legally for at least 5 years before applying for citizenship through naturalisation. Shorter periods are provided for certain cases (for example, for spouses of citizens, often three years of marriage is sufficient, or for individuals who grew up and were educated in Luxembourg — see below). In any case, long-term residence, integration into society, and compliance with a number of conditions (language knowledge, absence of criminal convictions) are mandatory requirements for such applicants.
• Spouses of Luxembourg citizens. Marriage to a Luxembourg citizen entitles a foreign spouse to simplified acquisition of citizenship through the option procedure. There is no requirement to reside in the country for a specific number of years if the marriage is registered; however, if the foreign spouse does not live in Luxembourg, citizenship through marriage is possible only after three years of marriage. In both cases, basic integration must be demonstrated (language knowledge and completion of a civic integration course or test). Thus, those married to Luxembourg citizens benefit from a preferential path to citizenship.
• Investors in the Luxembourg economy. Investment alone does not grant a direct right to a passport, as it is not possible to officially buy Luxembourg citizenship — there is no citizenship-by-investment program, unlike in some other countries. However, wealthy investors can obtain a residence permit through an investment program (for example, by investing from €500,000 to €3,000,000 in the economy). After that, having lived the required 5 years and fulfilled the naturalisation requirements, the investor may obtain citizenship on general grounds. In other words, investments indirectly help by granting the right to live legally in the country, but they do not replace compliance with the standard conditions.
• Children born on the territory of Luxembourg. The principle of jus soli (right of the soil) is applied in Luxembourg in a limited form. Birth in Luxembourg to foreign parents does not guarantee automatic citizenship for the newborn unless specific conditions are met. First, a child whose parents are both unknown or are stateless persons acquires Luxembourg citizenship by birth. Second, there is a rule for children of foreign nationals who were born and raised in Luxembourg: if such a child reaches the age of 18, has lived in the country for the last 5 years before reaching adulthood, and one of the parents resided in Luxembourg for at least 12 months immediately prior to the child’s birth, the young person automatically becomes a Luxembourg citizen on their 18th birthday. Thus, children of immigrants who are effectively integrated from birth may obtain citizenship upon reaching adulthood. In addition, from the age of 12, a child born in Luxembourg may independently apply for citizenship by option, provided the residence requirements are met (5 years in the country). This makes Luxembourg attractive to immigrant families, as children who grow up there find it easier to become citizens.
• Military or public service, special merits. In exceptional cases, citizenship may be granted for services to the state. For example, foreign nationals who voluntarily join the Luxembourg armed forces are entitled to naturalise after just one year of service. There are also known cases where athletes or cultural figures representing Luxembourg internationally have been granted citizenship on an accelerated basis as an exception (so-called citizenship for special merits). Such decisions are taken at the discretion of the authorities and are rare, but the legal possibility for “citizenship by exception” exists (the citizenship law provides that citizenship may be granted in the national interest outside the standard requirements).

Thus, the range of applicants for Luxembourg citizenship is quite broad: from newborn children of citizens to immigrants without Luxembourg roots who have lived in the country for five years, as well as their children, spouses, and even descendants of Luxembourgers living overseas. Below, we will take a closer look at the main ways of obtaining citizenship for each of these categories.

Ways to Obtain Luxembourg Citizenship

Luxembourg’s citizenship law provides several legal ways to obtain Luxembourg citizenship, depending on origin, family ties, length of residence in the country, and special merits before the state, each with its own conditions, requirements, and application procedure.

By birth (right of blood and soil)

If at least one of the child’s parents is a Luxembourg citizen, the child automatically acquires Luxembourg citizenship at birth. The place of birth does not matter in this case — the principle of jus sanguinis applies. Children born in Luxembourg to parents who themselves were born in Luxembourg also automatically become citizens (the principle of “double jus soli”). Other cases of birth on the territory are considered if the conditions described above are met: either the child is stateless, or later lives in the country until the age of 18 in order to qualify for citizenship.

From a procedural standpoint, if a child is born to a Luxembourg citizen or in Luxembourg, no special application to confirm the child’s citizenship is usually required — it is sufficient to register the birth, and a birth certificate indicating citizenship will be issued. Thus, citizenship by birth is acquired either automatically (if the parents are citizens) or conditionally automatically — through a combination of birth in the country and continuous residence until adulthood.

By descent (citizenship “by roots”)

This is the acquisition of citizenship based on descent from Luxembourg ancestors when citizenship was not transmitted automatically. In the 21st century, Luxembourg has become well known for its repatriation program for descendants of emigrants: under the 2008 amendments to the citizenship law, direct descendants of persons who were Luxembourg citizens on 1 January 1900 were granted the right to restore citizenship. Applicants first had to confirm their genealogy (until 2018, this required submitting a request to the Ministry of Justice for an ancestor’s certificate), and then, by the end of 2025, personally sign a declaration of restoration of citizenship in the presence of a civil registry official. This route is also known as reclamation (restoration). Many people from the United States, Brazil, France, Belgium, and even the United Kingdom have taken advantage of this opportunity: by the end of 2018 alone, nearly 47,500 applications from descendants of Luxembourgers had been submitted. After the end of the program period (end of 2025), direct descendants in more distant lines (second generation and beyond) will no longer be able to restore citizenship automatically.

However, an option procedure remains available for adults whose parent, adoptive parent, or grandparent was a Luxembourg citizen, but to whom citizenship was not transmitted. This option (option No. 1 in the list of options) allows applicants to obtain a Luxembourg passport by descent without deadlines, provided that the family relationship is documented. The option procedure based on descent is simpler than naturalisation: there are no residence or language requirements for adult descendants, proof of a citizen ancestor is sufficient. Nevertheless, a set of documents (birth and marriage certificates along the generational line, etc.) must be provided, and the applicant must appear in person to submit the application.

Naturalisation (through residence)

Naturalisation is the most common route for immigrants. It assumes that a foreign national has lived in the country for a certain period and has successfully integrated. The standard requirement is 5 years of legal residence in Luxembourg, with the final year before application being continuous. Residence must be based on a residence permit (work, study, family, etc.); tourist stays do not count. In 2023–2026, the minimum residence requirement is exactly 5 years — one of the shortest in Europe (for comparison, citizenship in Austria requires 10 years, Switzerland 10 years, and Germany 8 years).

In addition to the residence requirement, a naturalisation applicant must meet three key integration conditions: pass the Luxembourg citizenship exam (a basic-level test of Luxembourgish language knowledge), complete a civic education course (or pass the corresponding test), and have a good reputation (no criminal record or legal issues). These requirements will be discussed in more detail below. If all conditions are met, the applicant submits the application in person to the local municipality of residence, and after several months a naturalisation decree is issued. A naturalised foreign citizen acquires the same rights as a native Luxembourger, and their minor children may also acquire citizenship together with them. Naturalisation is the main route for labor migrants, specialists who came to the country for work or study, and those who have decided to settle permanently in Luxembourg.

Through marriage (spousal option)

The spouse (husband or wife) of a Luxembourg citizen may obtain citizenship through a simplified procedure known as the spousal option. If the marriage has lasted more than 3 years and the foreign spouse meets the language and integration requirements, he or she is entitled to apply. Moreover, if the couple lives outside Luxembourg (for example, if the citizen works abroad), the law explicitly requires a minimum marriage duration of 3 years before application. If the foreign spouse resides in Luxembourg, there is no need to wait 3 years — exams can be taken and documents submitted immediately. An important nuance is that the marriage must be genuine and not fictitious; this is verified. Luxembourg does not require a foreign spouse to renounce their existing citizenship when naturalising through marriage. Thus, Luxembourg citizenship through marriage is available relatively quickly (theoretically within 1–2 years, depending on the time needed to pass exams and complete formalities), provided the marriage is genuine and the applicant is integrated.

Investments and economic merits

As mentioned above, Luxembourg does not have a direct “citizenship by investment” scheme. However, the residence-by-investment program allows wealthy individuals to obtain resident status relatively quickly by investing capital in the country’s economy (for example, establishing a company with capital of at least €500,000, investing €3 million in a fund, or €20 million in a bank). After five years of residence with such a permit, an investor may naturalise on general grounds (including passing the language exam, etc.).

In some cases, the Luxembourg government may recognize a foreigner’s economic contributions — for example, the creation of a large number of jobs — and grant citizenship under a special procedure, but this is largely theoretical. In practice, investors follow the naturalisation route. At the same time, permanent residence is not required if the investor is a descendant of a Luxembourger or the spouse of a citizen: in such cases, citizenship may be obtained through the option procedure without permanent residence in the country (only a visit for formalities is required). The conclusion is that investments are useful for accelerating residence acquisition, but citizenship will still require compliance with the standard conditions of Luxembourg citizenship law.

Special merits and options for specific categories

The citizenship law also provides for other special cases of acquiring citizenship. For example, there is an option procedure for children born or raised in Luxembourg: a foreign child who arrived in the country before the age of 18 and has lived there for 5 years may, upon reaching adulthood, obtain citizenship through a simplified procedure (without waiting an additional 5 years after turning 18). There is also an option for refugees and stateless persons: after 5 years of residence, a refugee may obtain citizenship, like an ordinary resident, but through a declaration (this is mainly a procedural difference).

Restoration of previously lost citizenship is another possibility: if a person was previously a Luxembourg citizen but lost citizenship (for example, due to mandatory renunciation when naturalising in another country before 2009, or under older laws affecting women who married foreign nationals), they have the right to restore citizenship through a declaration without exams.

Naturalisation for merits is also possible: in exceptional cases, the government may submit a bill to grant citizenship to a person who has rendered outstanding services to the country (such cases are rare and require parliamentary approval). As noted, foreign military personnel may obtain citizenship by option after one year of service.

As shown, the ways to obtain Luxembourg citizenship are diverse: standard naturalisation, various option procedures (through marriage, descent, long-term residence, for refugees, for those raised in the country, etc.), as well as restoration and exceptional cases. Most immigrants choose the path of naturalisation or option, depending on their individual circumstances.

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Procedure for Obtaining Luxembourg Citizenship

Once the legal basis (method) for obtaining citizenship has been determined, the applicant must go through a specific set of bureaucratic steps. In 2026, the process of obtaining Luxembourg citizenship generally follows the procedure outlined below:

1. Preliminary assessment of eligibility and requirements.
   First, the applicant should ensure that all requirements for the chosen pathway are met. For example, in the case of naturalisation, this means verifying that the required period of residence (5 years) has been completed and that the certificates confirming language proficiency and completion of the integration course are ready. For an option based on descent, documents proving kinship with a Luxembourg ancestor must be collected; for marriage, a valid marriage certificate meeting the required duration must be provided, and so on. It can be helpful to complete an online Luxembourg citizenship self-assessment: the Ministry of Justice website offers a “decision tree” that helps applicants determine which pathway applies to their situation. Immigration lawyers also recommend consulting a specialist at this stage to avoid mistakes, as many errors are made during the preparation phase.
2. Collection and preparation of documents.
   The list of required documents depends on the specific pathway, but in all cases the applicant will need a passport, a birth certificate, and documents confirming marital status (marriage, divorce, birth of children, if applicable). A document proving good repute is also always required — typically a criminal record certificate from the countries where the applicant has lived (usually covering the past 15 years). For naturalisation and certain option procedures, additional certificates are required: proof of passing the language exam (Sproochentest Lëtzebuergesch) and proof of completion of the course “Vivre ensemble au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg” (or passing the related test). These must be obtained in advance: the language exam is administered by the National Institute of Languages, and the course is organized by the Ministry of Education. If the applicant has lived abroad, criminal record certificates must be requested in advance from those countries and translated into one of the official languages (English, French, German, or Luxembourgish are accepted). All document copies must be notarised and, where necessary, legalised with an apostille.
   The document package may vary depending on the case: for example, repatriation (restoration by ancestry) requires a certificate issued by the Ministry of Justice regarding the ancestor; applications based on marriage require a copy of the marriage certificate; and option cases for residents with more than 20 years of residence require proof of completion of a 24-hour Luxembourgish language course instead of an exam. The full and updated list of required documents is published on the lu portal. All documents must be valid at the time of submission (criminal record certificates must generally be no older than three months).
3. Submission of the application.
   In Luxembourg, applications for naturalisation or option must be submitted in person at the civil registry office (état civil) of the municipality where the applicant resides. If the applicant does not live in Luxembourg (which is common for applications based on descent, marriage, or restoration of citizenship), the application must be submitted in the City of Luxembourg; the applicant must travel to the capital and apply at the civil registry there. The applicant must appear personally (a translator or representative may assist, but the applicant must sign the application personally; personal appearance is mandatory). The civil registry officer reviews the document package. If everything is in order, the application is registered and forwarded to the Ministry of Justice for review. If documents are missing or incorrectly prepared, the officer cannot immediately reject the application; instead, a written request is issued giving the applicant up to three months to submit the missing documents. It is crucial to meet this deadline, as failure to do so results in automatic rejection. Applications can be submitted on any working day — there are no special submission windows — although certain categories are subject to statutory deadlines (for example, descendants applying under Article 89 must apply by 31 December 2025, as noted earlier). No exams are conducted at the time of submission; all certificates must be obtained in advance.
4. Review by the Ministry and waiting for a decision.
   Once the file is transferred to the Ministry of Justice (Nationality Service), the applicant must wait for the review and final decision. The review period is typically up to 8 months; in practice, it has ranged from approximately 6 to 10 months in recent years. Due to a high volume of applications and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, processing times in 2023–2024 tended toward the longer end of this range. The Ministry verifies compliance with all requirements: legality of residence, exam results, authenticity of documents, and absence of a criminal record (including checks against Luxembourg’s internal criminal records).
   If questions arise, the applicant may be invited to provide explanations or additional information. However, personal interviews for naturalisation are generally no longer required since 2017, the interview procedure has been abolished, and the focus is on documentary evidence. Once a decision is made, the Ministry issues a decree granting citizenship (for naturalisation) or accepts the declaration (for option or restoration). A copy of the decision is sent to the applicant by post, and the application status can also be tracked through the MyGuichet online portal, which is often updated before the letter arrives.
   If an application is refused, the decision may be challenged through administrative remedies (first by appeal to the Minister of Justice, and then before the administrative court). Such cases are rare, as most applicants ensure compliance with all requirements before submitting their application.
5. Oath (if applicable) and issuance of documents.
   Unlike some countries, Luxembourg does not hold a public oath ceremony for new citizens. Formally, the act of signing the application includes a declaration of commitment to respect the laws of the state. Although a pledge of allegiance to the Grand Duke previously existed in the Constitution, a separate oath is no longer required. As a result, once the naturalisation decree is issued, the applicant effectively becomes a citizen immediately. The next step is to obtain a certificate of acquisition of citizenship (issued by the Ministry of Justice). With this certificate, the new citizen can apply for a Luxembourg passport and national identity card. Passports and ID cards are issued through passport offices (via local municipalities or the Ministry of the Interior, depending on the applicant’s place of residence; applicants living abroad apply through consulates).
   The first Luxembourg passport is issued to adults for a period of five years, and to children for two years. The state fee for issuing a passport is approximately €50 for adults. At this final stage, the new citizen simply receives their documents and can fully exercise their rights. If the applicant has children who automatically acquired citizenship together with them (minor children of a naturalised citizen), those children are also issued the relevant certificates and passports.

The entire process from initial preparation to receipt of the passport may take several years, especially if the applicant first needs to meet residence requirements and pass exams. However, the submission and review phase itself usually takes about one year. By law, no state fee is charged for the examination of the application — the submission itself is free of charge. Possible expenses include obtaining certificates, translations, document legalisation, notary services, and, if legal assistance is used, professional fees. These costs are discussed in the next section.

Requirements for Applicants (Naturalisation Conditions)

To obtain a Luxembourg passport, an applicant must meet a number of requirements set out in Luxembourg’s citizenship law. The main conditions are as follows:

• Period of permanent residence. For most applicants, a minimum of 5 years of residence in the country is required. The final year before submitting the application must be continuous, without long absences. There are certain exemptions: for example, the spouse of a Luxembourg citizen and some other categories are not required to complete the full 5 years (for them, integration and/or 3 years of marriage are key). However, the standard requirement is 5 years. This period includes time spent under various residence permits (work, study, family reunification, etc.), as well as time spent awaiting refugee status (for those granted asylum, the years prior to recognition are also counted as residence). Temporary departures from the country are allowed, provided resident status is maintained. In addition, there is a special option for long-term residents: after 20 years of residence in Luxembourg, citizenship can be obtained without an exam — completion of a 24-hour language course is sufficient. This is a facilitation for those who have lived in the country for a very long time.
• Integration: language proficiency. Luxembourg requires new citizens to have basic knowledge of the state language — Luxembourgish (Lëtzebuergesch). The exam consists of an oral component (speaking skills) at level A2 and a listening comprehension component at level B1. The candidate must score at least 50% in the oral test; even if the oral score is slightly lower, it can be offset by a strong listening result, as the overall average score of 50% is decisive. The oral exam involves a conversation with the examiner on simple topics (family, work, hobbies) and a description of a picture. The listening test includes news items, dialogues, or speeches followed by questions. The required level is considered relatively low: A2 corresponds to a basic user who can communicate using simple phrases. Nevertheless, preparation is necessary, especially for those who did not previously speak Luxembourgish (many immigrants use French or German in daily life, but citizenship requires Luxembourgish specifically).
  Applicants who have lived in Luxembourg for more than 20 years are exempt from the exam but are required to attend the 24-hour language course. In exceptional cases (medical contraindications to language learning), a full exemption from the language requirement may be requested, but this is rare and requires a ministerial decision. It should be noted that knowledge of French and German is not mandatory, although it is encouraged, passing the Luxembourgish test alone is sufficient. In practice, however, basic knowledge of at least one of Luxembourg’s main languages (French or German) facilitates integration. Only Luxembourgish appears in the official list of requirements; references to “knowing three languages” are more of a practical recommendation for comfortable daily life than a legal condition.
• Integration: knowledge of civic and social structures (Vivre ensemble course). The second integration criterion is an understanding of the fundamentals of Luxembourg society. The applicant must either complete the special course “Vivre ensemble au Grand-Duché de Luxembourg” (24 hours of instruction) or pass a test based on its content. The course is free of charge, conducted in French or English, and covers citizens’ rights and obligations, the state structure and municipalities of Luxembourg, the country’s history, and European integration. Attendance at the course is not mandatory if the applicant chooses to take the exam directly (which is a multiple-choice test). Many immigrants opt for the exam to save time. However, attending the course can also be beneficial, as it is delivered in a friendly environment and introduces participants to the country’s culture. Participants who have already attended similar integration programs (for example, under the Welcome and Integration Contract) may be exempt from certain parts of the course, such as the history component. Full exemption from the course is also possible for medical reasons, subject to approval by the Ministry of Justice. Ultimately, the applicant must provide a certificate confirming completion of the course or successful completion of the test. Without this certificate, the citizenship application will not be accepted.
• Law-abiding conduct and good reputation. A citizenship applicant must not pose a threat to society. An application will be rejected if it is found that the applicant has provided false information or concealed material facts. Refusal is also mandatory in the case of a conviction for a serious crime — specifically, if there is a final sentence of imprisonment of 12 months or more (or a suspended sentence of 24 months or more). Criminal records are checked both in Luxembourg and abroad (based on submitted criminal record certificates and the Ministry’s own checks). If a conviction has been expunged and more than 15 years have passed since the sentence was served, an exception may be considered. Minor offences (such as traffic fines) generally do not prevent naturalisation if they have been paid. However, significant outstanding debts, unpaid taxes, or regular receipt of social benefits without valid reasons may have a negative impact — while not formally listed as grounds for refusal, they may indicate poor integration. Ideally, the applicant should have no substantial debts to the state at the time of application and should be financially stable. The applicant is expected to be financially self-sufficient — although the law does not impose a specific income requirement, it is assumed that the person can support themselves and is not a burden on the state. In practice, proof of income is not usually requested, but if it becomes evident that an applicant has relied solely on social benefits for five years without attempting to work, additional questions may arise.
• Renunciation of previous citizenship. As noted above, Luxembourg has allowed dual citizenship since 2009. Therefore, applicants are not required to renounce their existing citizenship when naturalising. You may retain your passport from the United States, the United Kingdom, or any other country. However, the laws of your country of origin must be taken into account: some states (such as China or India) automatically terminate citizenship upon acquisition of a foreign nationality, while others require notification of the authorities. Luxembourg authorities do not notify foreign states of the acquisition of Luxembourg citizenship; this responsibility lies with the applicant. If your country does not recognize dual citizenship and requires renunciation, you must address this issue independently — Luxembourg does not impose such a requirement. For example, British citizenship can be retained without difficulty, as the United Kingdom allows multiple citizenships, which is why many British nationals obtained Luxembourg citizenship as a second nationality after Brexit. Ultimately, the issue of dual citizenship depends on the legislation of the applicant’s country of origin; Luxembourg itself does not view possession of another passport as an obstacle to either naturalisation or the retention of citizenship.
• Age and legal capacity. An applicant for naturalisation or an option procedure must be at least 18 years old (of legal age). Children acquire citizenship either automatically together with their parents or upon application by their parents (for example, if a child is born in Luxembourg, the parents may apply for an option from the age of 12). A minor cannot apply for naturalisation independently but may be included in a parent’s application. An adult applicant must also have legal capacity or act through a legal representative if under guardianship. Women who automatically lost their citizenship upon marriage under older legislation may restore it through a simplified procedure regardless of age.

In summary, the standard requirements are: 5 years of residence, passing the Luxembourgish language exam, completion of the civic integration course, absence of serious legal issues and maintenance of a good reputation, and an implicit commitment to respect the laws of the state. In special cases, some of these requirements may be relaxed (for example, long-term residents with 20 years of residence are only required to attend a language course; descendants applying through option do not need to demonstrate language knowledge; spouses are not required to complete 5 years of residence, etc.). The core principle, however, is to demonstrate a genuine connection to Luxembourg and a willingness to become a full member of society. If these requirements are met, there should be no obstacles to obtaining citizenship.

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Timeframes and Costs of the Application Process

Minimum residence periods. The main time factor is compliance with the required residence period. For naturalisation, at least 5 years of residence in the country are required. For option procedures, the requirement is usually either 5 years or 0 years, depending on the category (for example, through marriage – 0 years if you live in Luxembourg, or simply 3 years of marriage; by descent – 0 years; through studies – 7 years, which in practice means the time already spent studying; for refugees – 5 years; for long-term residents – 20 years, etc.). As a result, a typical immigrant should plan for at least 5 years from obtaining their first residence permit before applying for citizenship. Some applicants begin the process earlier, for example by taking the language exam in their fourth year of residence so that they are ready to apply immediately once they reach the five-year mark.

Application processing time. After submission to the local municipality, the file is forwarded to the Ministry of Justice for review. The law does not set a strictly regulated processing period, but in practice it usually takes 6–10 months. In 2022–2024, the commonly cited average was around 8 months, although delays of up to 12 months occurred due to a surge in applications under the restoration program (many applicants rushed to apply before the 2025 deadline). In 2026, processing times are likely to return to a more typical range of approximately 6–8 months, as the bulk of ancestry-based applications will have been processed. Keep in mind that if you have not received a response after, for example, 9 months, you may inquire about the status through the municipality or online. Overall, however, it is rare for the process to take less than six months, plan on roughly one year from application to passport, allowing for administrative formalities.

Cost of the procedure. The good news is that there is no state fee for naturalisation in Luxembourg. The government does not charge for accepting or reviewing the application itself. As a result, the official cost is minimal: for example, the fee for issuing a new passport is €50, and for an ID card €14 (as of 2025). However, there are indirect costs, as document preparation may require additional expenses. Below are approximate cost items for 2026:

• Language exam: registration fee of €75. Paid language courses or private tutors, if needed, involve additional costs. The “Vivre ensemble” course is free of charge, although study materials may require a nominal fee.
• Translations and notary services: each foreign document (birth certificate, criminal record certificate from another country, etc.) must be translated into one of the official languages. The translation must be performed by a sworn translator. In Luxembourg, translating a certificate may cost €50–100, and notarising copies €10–20 per document. Apostille fees for documents from countries party to the Hague Convention vary. On average, the full set of documents may cost several hundred euros.
• Medical certificate (if requesting exemption from the exam): a specialist’s medical opinion is required, which is also a paid service (consultation typically €100–200).
• Travel for application submission: applicants who do not live in Luxembourg must travel to the country in person, possibly with family members. This includes airfare, accommodation, and visas (if required). Costs depend on distance.
• Legal or advisory services: various companies offer assistance with obtaining Luxembourg citizenship. Fees vary widely, basic consultations may cost €100–200, while full legal support for naturalisation may range from €1,000 to €3,000 depending on complexity. Repatriation by ancestry through intermediaries is sometimes offered for $5,000 or more (including document searches, genealogical research, and travel assistance). If you are confident in handling the process yourself, you can save money by applying independently. However, if there is a language barrier or a complex case, professional assistance may be worthwhile.

Overall, excluding personal time and effort, obtaining Luxembourg citizenship is relatively inexpensive compared to most countries. There are no high government fees or mandatory investments. Actual out-of-pocket expenses can be limited to around €300–500 for a self-managed application (mainly translations and travel). Even with legal assistance, a total cost of a few thousand euros is quite reasonable for an EU passport. The key is proper document preparation to avoid repeat expenses and delays caused by correcting mistakes.

A separate question often arises: can Luxembourg citizenship be bought for money? As noted earlier, the answer is no — citizenship cannot be purchased directly. Be cautious of online offers such as “Luxembourg passport in 3 months, cheaply” — these are scams. The only legal way to speed up the process is through investment leading to residence, but citizenship still requires at least 5 years of residence and compliance with all legal conditions. Therefore, it is more accurate to speak of costs related to integration (living in the country, language learning) rather than purchasing citizenship.

Is Dual Citizenship Allowed in Luxembourg

General position of the state. Luxembourg fully allows dual and even multiple citizenship. As of 1 January 2009, the requirement to renounce a previous nationality when obtaining a Luxembourg passport was abolished. Today, during naturalisation, you pledge loyalty to Luxembourg but are not required to sever ties with your country of origin. This policy was introduced to attract immigrants and to maintain connections with the Luxembourg diaspora abroad. As a result, dual citizenship is the norm in Luxembourg: the vast majority of new citizens retain their previous passports, and many native Luxembourgers also hold two citizenships through marriage or birth abroad. There are no restrictions at the state level, the citizenship law explicitly permits multiple citizenship.

Examples of countries with different positions. However, it is important to consider the laws of your country of original citizenship. Luxembourg does not object, but your home country may automatically revoke your citizenship if you voluntarily acquire another one. For example, until recently, a German citizen would lose German nationality when naturalising in another country (except in EU cases or with special permission), although Germany relaxed this rule in 2023. Citizens of China or India lose their nationality upon acquiring a foreign citizenship, meaning that a Luxembourg passport would result in the loss of their original status. On the other hand, countries such as the United Kingdom, the United States, and Canada allow dual citizenship and do not prohibit it.

Possible risks of dual citizenship. If your home country does not recognize dual citizenship, certain issues may arise: you may be regarded exclusively as its citizen, and if you seek assistance from a Luxembourg embassy while in your home country, you may be refused (on the grounds that you are not considered a Luxembourger there). There may also be difficulties with employment in the public sector in your home country, where sole citizenship is often required. Nevertheless, for most immigrants, dual citizenship is a benefit, allowing them to enjoy the advantages of both statuses. Luxembourg does not publicize your choice, so if the country of origin does not become aware, you may continue to hold two passports. That said, you must comply with the laws of both countries (for example, you must not conceal the existence of another citizenship from tax authorities if disclosure is required). Another aspect is military service: Luxembourg has no compulsory conscription, but if your home country calls you up for military service, holding a Luxembourg passport will not exempt you from that obligation.

Conclusion. Dual citizenship in Luxembourg is permitted and widespread. When obtaining a Luxembourg passport, you will most likely be able to keep your original passport. Exceptions arise only where the laws of other jurisdictions must be observed. Before applying for citizenship, it is advisable to review the legislation of your home country — you may need to arrange a formal renunciation in advance or accept the loss of your previous citizenship. For most people, however, Luxembourg citizenship becomes a second, additional nationality. This is a major advantage that increases the attractiveness of Luxembourg naturalisation compared with countries where applicants are required to choose only one passport.

Obtaining Luxembourg citizenship is a complex but entirely achievable process for immigrants planning their future in Europe. We have reviewed who is eligible for Luxembourg citizenship and under what conditions — whether descendants of Luxembourgers through repatriation, foreign nationals through naturalisation after five years of residence, spouses of citizens, children born and raised in the country, or even investors and specialists with special merits. In 2026, the requirements remain clear and transparent: basic knowledge of the Luxembourgish language, integration into society, law-abiding conduct, and a defined period of residence. In return, citizenship of the Grand Duchy opens access to all the benefits of the EU, provides strong legal protection, and grants a status that is passed on to your children and grandchildren.

To successfully complete the path to the desired passport, it is important to avoid common mistakes: do not postpone language learning (the exam may require time to prepare), do not neglect document collection (even a minor issue, such as a missing apostille or an expired certificate, can delay the process), and do not attempt to circumvent the law (providing false information may result in a ban on reapplying). It is also important to realistically assess your eligibility, if you are short by a few months of the required residence period, it is better to wait than to receive a refusal. According to the experience of seasoned migrants, the key to success is thorough preparation and strict compliance with all formalities.

Recommendation: start by analyzing your personal circumstances, whether you have Luxembourg roots, what your residence status is, and whether you are ready for the exams. Then consult a professional immigration lawyer. Individual situations (such as prior court decisions or document issues across different countries) may require expert advice. Qualified assistance with obtaining Luxembourg citizenship can save time and help you avoid unnecessary complications.

Frequently Asked Questions about Luxembourg citizenship

We have compiled answers to the most common questions about obtaining Luxembourg citizenship. If you did not find the information you were looking for or want to learn more about the requirements, timelines, and benefits of a Luxembourg passport, contact us for a free consultation.

Can I apply for Luxembourg citizenship online?

No, applications must be submitted in person only. You may complete forms and collect documents independently from anywhere, but the citizenship application must be personally signed in the presence of a civil registry officer (état civil) in Luxembourg. This requirement applies to all cases — naturalisation, option, and restoration. If you live outside Luxembourg, you must travel to the country (to the civil registry in Luxembourg City) to submit your application. There are no online submission services, although online tools are available (document checklists and a decision tree on Guichet.lu). After submission, you can track the status online via the MyGuichet portal, but the initial step must be completed in person. This requirement exists to verify the applicant’s identity and prevent fraud.

Can Luxembourg citizenship be “bought” through investment or money?

No, it cannot be purchased directly. Luxembourg does not have a citizenship-by-investment program (unlike Malta or some Caribbean countries). The only possible route is to invest in the economy, obtain a Luxembourg residence permit, and then apply for naturalisation after 5 years through the standard process. Even in this case, applicants must still pass exams, demonstrate language proficiency, and meet all legal requirements. No amount of money exempts an applicant from the conditions set by the naturalisation law.

Do I need to pass exams to obtain citizenship (language or history)?

Yes, most applicants must demonstrate integration through exams. The main requirement is the Sproochentest in Luxembourgish (A2 level speaking and B1 level listening). This exam is required for most applicants, including those applying through naturalisation and spouses of citizens. Exceptions include children who acquire citizenship together with their parents and certain option categories (for example, direct descendants, for whom language knowledge is not required). The second mandatory component is either completion of the 24-hour “Vivre ensemble…” course or passing a test on the fundamentals of Luxembourg citizenship. This exam assesses knowledge of the country (rights, history, and state structure). Spouses, refugees, and five-year residents must all submit a certificate confirming completion of the course or successful completion of the test.

Do I need to live in Luxembourg after obtaining citizenship (is there a risk of losing citizenship if I leave the country)?

Once you obtain Luxembourg citizenship, you are free to live anywhere — neither Luxembourg nor the EU requires you to reside permanently in the country. Citizenship is granted for life and is not revoked due to relocation. You may move immediately to another EU country or elsewhere in the world, and your passport remains valid. In Luxembourg’s history, citizenship has been revoked only in exceptional cases (for example, for terrorism by court decision). Simply not living in the country does not lead to loss of citizenship. In particular, many new citizens by descent (such as Americans or Brazilians) have never lived in Luxembourg and do not plan to do so — their interest lies in EU status. This is lawful: after obtaining a passport, a person is not required to maintain close ties with the country, and their status will not be withdrawn.

How do I get a passport in Luxembourg?

You must first obtain Luxembourg citizenship, usually after 5 years of legal residence, passing a language test, and completing a civic integration course.

Is Luxembourg a strong passport?

Yes. The Luxembourg passport offers visa-free access to 180+ countries and full EU freedom of movement.

How much to invest in Luxembourg to get citizenship?

Luxembourg has no citizenship-by-investment program. Investment can lead to residence, and citizenship is possible only after 5 years of living in the country.

Can Luxembourg have dual citizenship?

Yes. Dual citizenship is allowed, provided your other country also permits it.