In recent years, Turkish citizenship has attracted an increasing number of foreigners. A holder of a Turkish passport gains full legal status in the country, free from the limitations of a residence permit (temporary residence) or even permanent residence. Unlike temporary statuses, citizenship grants the lifelong right to live and work in Turkey without the need to renew documents, as well as full social protection. In addition, the Turkish passport is valued as a second citizenship — a “Plan B” for unforeseen circumstances. Although Turkish citizenship is not an EU passport (such as a Latvian passport), it nevertheless provides its holders with a wide range of opportunities and freedoms, which we will discuss below.

Who might find this relevant? First of all, those who already live in Turkey or are planning a long-term relocation. Potential applicants include entrepreneurs looking to do business in the Eurasian region; families who value safety and education for their children; students and young professionals seeking to establish themselves in the local labor market; people with Turkish roots or marital ties; as well as investors attracted by the “citizenship by investment” program. In each case, the motivations may differ — from visa-free travel to tax planning — but the ultimate goal is the same: to obtain a Turkish passport and all the rights that come with it.

Advantages of Turkish Citizenship

Turkish citizenship grants the lifelong right to live and work in the country, access healthcare and education on the same basis as citizens, and hold a second citizenship without renouncing the first. A Turkish passport expands visa-free travel options and provides a stable legal status for life, family, and business. Below are the key advantages of Turkish citizenship that make it one of the most sought-after in 2026.

• Visa-free travel worldwide. The Turkish passport is valued for the freedom of travel it offers. Turkish citizens can visit more than 120 countries visa-free or with a visa on arrival. Visa-free entry is available, for example, to Japan, Singapore, South Korea, most countries in Latin America, and the Middle East. Around 40 additional countries issue electronic visas or visas on arrival to Turkish citizens. For Europe, a Schengen visa is formally required, but Turkish citizens are usually granted long-term visas of up to five years. In the United States, it is possible to obtain a B1/B2 tourist visa valid for up to 10 years, as well as to use the special E-2 investor visa, which is available to Turkish citizens under a bilateral agreement. As a result, Turkish citizenship significantly expands the geography of barrier-free travel.
• The right to live and work in the country. For many, the decisive advantage is full resident rights without restrictions. A Turkish citizen may freely live in any region of the country, purchase real estate without special permits, take up employment without a separate work permit, open a business on the same terms as locals, and access public services without excessive bureaucracy. There is no need to renew a residence permit every one or two years or to prove grounds for stay—the status is permanent. This allows for long-term career or business planning, knowing that the status will not be revoked due to a change of employment or a prolonged stay abroad.
• Social benefits and healthcare. After obtaining a Turkish passport, foreigners are equal in rights to native citizens. They have access to free healthcare in public clinics under the SGK insurance system, discounted prescription medications, and the country’s advanced medical technologies. Turkey is known for its developed healthcare system: according to Numbeo, it ranked 27th worldwide for healthcare quality in 2023, ahead of even Canada and the United States. Citizens are also entitled to pension benefits upon reaching retirement age and may participate in funded pension schemes. Children of citizens are entitled to free education in public schools and significantly lower tuition fees at universities (from around $300 per year), and diplomas from Turkish universities are recognized in many European countries. Thus, Turkish citizenship is an investment in a family’s future.
• Inheritance of citizenship. Turkish citizenship is easily passed on to descendants. All children born to a Turkish citizen (father or mother) automatically acquire citizenship by right of blood. Even if a child is born outside Turkey, the parent’s citizenship ensures that the child receives a Turkish passport. This provides confidence that your children and even grandchildren will be able to enjoy all the benefits of the status. In addition, if a foreigner becomes a citizen, they may include family members in their citizenship: through naturalization or investment, the main applicant’s spouse and children under 18 usually receive passports together with the principal applicant. The family remains within a single legal framework, which simplifies relocation and everyday life.
• Dual citizenship without renouncing the previous one. Turkey takes a liberal approach to multiple citizenship. A Turkish passport does not require you to give up your original citizenship—you may legally hold two or more passports, provided this is not prohibited by the laws of your home country. Many developed countries also allow dual citizenship; for example, Latvian citizenship can be combined with Turkish citizenship, as Turkey is a NATO member and Latvia is generally receptive to the passport of an allied country. The ability to hold a second citizenship resolves many issues: you can choose which passport to use for a specific trip or situation and retain property rights and business interests both at home and in Turkey. The key is to comply with the laws of both countries, but overall, dual citizenship opens additional horizons for you and your family.

Of course, Turkish citizenship also has some conditional drawbacks that are worth knowing about. For example, male citizens are subject to compulsory military service. However, the details depend on age: those who obtain citizenship after the age of 22 are usually exempt from service, while younger men may be granted a deferment, a shortened form of service, or the option to pay a fee for exemption. In addition, once you become a tax resident of Turkey, you are required to declare worldwide income under local rules—an important consideration for business owners, as Turkey’s tax system differs from that of many other countries. Nevertheless, for most applicants the advantages clearly outweigh the disadvantages: a Turkish passport provides security, mobility, and new opportunities that are not available to those with ordinary foreigner status.

Get a free consultation on the Turkish citizenship application process

Fill in the short form below and a Mycitizenagency specialist will contact you as soon as possible

Free Consultation

Who Is Eligible for Turkish Citizenship

The Turkish Citizenship Law (No. 5901) lists all categories of persons who are entitled to obtain citizenship. Broadly, they can be divided into two groups: citizenship by birth and citizenship after birth (by application). Let us examine who falls into these categories.

• Children of Turkish citizens. Any child born to a family where the mother or the father is a Turkish citizen automatically becomes a citizen of the Republic of Turkey from the moment of birth. It does not matter whether the child is born in Turkey or abroad—the principle of jus sanguinis (right of blood) applies. If the mother is a Turkish citizen and the father is a foreign national and the marriage is not registered, the child still acquires the mother’s citizenship. Likewise, if the father is a Turkish citizen and recognizes the child born out of wedlock (establishes paternity), the child becomes a citizen. Thus, descendants of Turkish citizens receive a Turkish passport automatically.
• Children born on the territory of Turkey. Unlike the United States or Canada, the mere fact of being born on Turkish soil is not sufficient to obtain citizenship (Turkey does not fully apply the principle of jus soli). However, if a child is born in Turkey and the parents are unable to pass on their citizenship (for example, they are stateless persons or their country does not recognize the child as its citizen), such a child acquires Turkish citizenship by place of birth. In this way, Turkey prevents cases of statelessness among newborns. If, however, at least one of the parents of a foreign-born child holds citizenship of another country, the child usually acquires the parents’ citizenship and does not automatically obtain a Turkish passport.
• Foreigners permanently residing in Turkey (naturalization). Citizenship through naturalization is the main route for migrants without Turkish roots. Foreigners who have legally and continuously resided in Turkey for at least five years and have met a number of integration requirements are eligible to apply. The applicant must have knowledge of the Turkish language, a stable income or profession sufficient to support their family, be of good character (no criminal record or involvement in extremism), comply with Turkish laws, and not pose a threat to national security. These requirements are discussed in more detail below, but in general, foreigners who have permanently resided in Turkey for five years may apply for citizenship. This category also includes a special subgroup—refugees officially recognized in Turkey—who may be granted citizenship at the discretion of the authorities on an exceptional basis.
• Spouses of Turkish citizens (marriage). A foreigner who enters into an official marriage with a Turkish citizen has the right to apply for naturalization after three years of marriage. Marriage itself does not grant automatic citizenship, but it creates grounds for a simplified procedure. Important conditions apply: the spouses must genuinely live together as a family, the marriage must not be fictitious, and the applicant must not pose a threat to society. If all requirements are met, an application may be submitted after three years of cohabitation and is usually approved. Even if the Turkish spouse dies after the application is filed, the surviving spouse may still be granted citizenship in recognition of the marriage. Thus, marriage to a Turkish citizen is a popular pathway, especially for those who have formed a family with a local resident.
• Investors and contributors to the economy. Since 2017, Turkey has operated a citizenship-by-investment program (yatırım yoluyla vatandaşlık). Foreigners who invest a certain amount in the Turkish economy may obtain a passport through an accelerated procedure without long-term residence. As of 2026, the investment threshold is from USD 400,000 (for example, the purchase of real estate) or USD 500,000 (for other options). Citizenship is granted to investors by a special presidential decree, bypassing standard requirements. In addition to real estate, investors may open a bank deposit, purchase government bonds, invest in a local investment fund, or establish a company employing at least 50 Turkish citizens. Such applicants are considered valuable to the economy and therefore receive citizenship on exceptional grounds (in everyday terms, this is often referred to as “buying Turkish citizenship”). This is the fastest and most straightforward route for high-net-worth individuals.
• Persons with special merits. The Turkish government may grant citizenship to a foreign national for exceptional contributions even if the individual has not resided in Turkey for five years and has not made financial investments. This applies to cases where a person has made a significant contribution to the country: outstanding scientists, world-class athletes, artists, major investors, or specialists whose skills are valuable to Turkey. The decision to grant such citizenship is made personally by the President upon the recommendation of the relevant ministry. For example, an athlete who agrees to represent Turkey may receive an expedited passport; a major industrial investor or a famous artist may be granted citizenship in recognition of their contribution. These cases are rare and depend on the discretion of the authorities, but they are предусмотрены by law.
• Persons of Turkic origin (repatriation based on roots). Turkey does not have a separate official repatriation program. However, historically, preferential treatment existed for ethnic Turks and representatives of Turkic peoples. Until 2010, foreigners of Turkic origin were required to reside in Turkey for only two years instead of five. This preferential rule has since been abolished, and the standard five-year period now applies to everyone. Nevertheless, if you can document your Turkish or Turkic roots, this may still be considered a positive factor in your case. In addition, the Turkish authorities periodically introduce one-time simplified programs for certain groups. For example, citizenship has been granted en masse to Meskhetian Turks deported during the Soviet era, as well as to Uyghur refugees from China. Such initiatives are rare but do occur. In general, however, Turkish citizenship by origin is guaranteed only to children of Turkish citizens, while more distant descendants must either restore lost citizenship (if, for example, their parents lost it) or proceed through standard naturalization.
• Adopted children. It should also be noted that a foreign child adopted by Turkish citizens automatically becomes a citizen from the date of the court decision on adoption. This applies to minor children. An adult adopted son or daughter must undergo naturalization under the general rules.

As can be seen, the range of eligible applicants is quite broad—from newborn children to millionaire investors. In the following sections, we will examine in more detail the main ways to obtain Turkish citizenship and what is required for each of them.

Ways to Obtain Turkish Citizenship

Let us now take a step-by-step look at how to obtain Turkish citizenship on different grounds in 2026. In general, there are several pathways: by birth, by descent, through naturalization (residence), through marriage, by investment, and on an exceptional basis. Each method has its own requirements and procedures.

Turkish Citizenship by Birth

The simplest case is when citizenship is granted at birth. If at least one of the parents of a newborn is a Turkish citizen, the child is automatically considered a citizen of Turkey. Parents only need to register a Turkish birth certificate and obtain a passport for the child. Even if the family lives abroad, they may apply to the nearest Turkish consulate to register the birth, and the child will be issued the relevant documents. No separate application for citizenship is required in this case; everything is granted by virtue of birth and confirmation of the parent’s citizenship.

If both parents are foreign nationals, the mere fact of being born on the territory of Turkey does not make the child a citizen. The exception is when neither parent is able to pass on their citizenship to the child. This may occur, for example, if the parents are stateless persons or if, under the laws of their countries, the child does not acquire citizenship. In such cases, Turkey grants its citizenship to prevent the child from being left without any legal status. In ordinary situations, a child born in a Turkish hospital to foreign parents acquires the parents’ citizenship, and the parents’ consulate issues the relevant passport if necessary.

It is also worth noting separately that if a child is adopted by a Turkish family, the child acquires Turkish citizenship upon completion of the adoption process. This applies only to minors—for example, if a Turkish couple adopts a girl from an orphanage, the state recognizes her as a citizen, provided all adoption procedures are duly followed.

Turkish Citizenship by Descent and Restoration

This pathway is relevant for foreigners who have Turkish roots or a previous status as a Turkish citizen. The law is based on the principle of jus sanguinis (“right of blood”), therefore formally only parents who are citizens grant the right to citizenship by descent. However, there are cases in which a person may restore the citizenship of their ancestors:

If one of the foreigner’s parents was a Turkish citizen but lost citizenship for some reason (for example, due to relocation or a change of nationality in the past), such a person may attempt to restore their status. Turkish legislation allows those who previously held citizenship, as well as the children of those who voluntarily renounced it, to regain citizenship. Typically, this requires submitting an application, proving the family relationship with the former citizen, and demonstrating the absence of security-related issues.

If your ancestors (grandparents or great-grandparents) were citizens of the Ottoman Empire or the early Turkish Republic, this does not grant an automatic right to citizenship. However, Turkic origin may play a positive role in the naturalization process. As mentioned earlier, until 2010 descendants of Turkic peoples were required to reside in Turkey for only two years instead of five. Today, the residence requirement is unified at five years for everyone, but if you indicate in your application that your ancestors were Turks, Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Crimean Tatars, and so on, and support this with documentation, the commission may take a more favorable view of your case. There have also been special repatriation programs in the past: for example, Turkey accepted entire diasporas of Turkic origin for permanent residence and granted them citizenship relatively quickly (such as Meskhetian Turks, Bulgarian Turks, and Uyghurs). Such initiatives are introduced by special decrees. As of 2026, there are no active large-scale programs based on “roots,” but members of diasporas should monitor developments.

In general, citizenship by descent primarily applies to children of citizens. For everyone else (including individuals with distant Turkish ancestry), the standard routes of naturalization or investment usually apply. If you or your parents were previously Turkish citizens and later lost that status (for example, through emigration and renunciation), a simplified restoration procedure is available that does not require five years of residence—an application to the Ministry of Interior is sufficient, and it is often approved following the necessary checks.

Turkish Citizenship Through Naturalization (Residence in the Country)

Naturalization is the most universal method, suitable for almost any foreigner who is willing to live in Turkey for a long period of time. The essence of this route is to first relocate to Turkey on the basis of a residence permit, settle in the country, and then apply for citizenship after the required period.

The key requirement is continuous legal residence in Turkey for at least five years. This means that you must hold a valid residence permit throughout this entire period (either a long-term permit or one that is renewed annually). What matters is actual residence: the law allows you to stay outside Turkey for no more than a total of six months per year and no more than twelve months over the entire five-year period. If you are absent for longer periods, the five-year count is interrupted and must be restarted.

The grounds for obtaining a residence permit may vary: employment under a contract, running a business, purchasing real estate, studying, family circumstances, or even a residence permit based on rental housing. It is important to note that a tourist residence permit (short-term and without the right to work) does not count toward citizenship. Time spent on a student visa is counted only partially (two years of study equal one year toward naturalization). Therefore, it is advisable to choose long-term grounds from the outset—such as employment, business activity, or investment in real estate.

In addition to the length of residence, an applicant for citizenship through naturalization must meet the following requirements: sufficient knowledge of the Turkish language, integration into Turkish society, financial self-sufficiency, good moral character, absence of dangerous diseases (such as active tuberculosis), and loyalty to the country.

After five years of residence and compliance with all conditions, you may submit an application for citizenship. However, it is important to understand that meeting the requirements does not guarantee automatic citizenship. The decision is made by the competent authorities, and they may refuse without providing reasons (although in practice refusals are rare when all documents are in order).

Naturalization is the longest route (a minimum of five years of living in the country, and often six to seven years including the waiting period for a decision). However, it is a reliable option if you have no right by birth and no funds for investment. For those who genuinely plan to live in Turkey, work, and integrate into society, naturalization is an ideal path. Once the requirements are met, there is no need for large financial expenses or renunciation of your existing citizenship. Even the citizenship exam is essentially limited to a language check and an interview; there are no complex tests on history. Thus, after five years of effort and integration, it is possible to become a full-fledged Turkish citizen.

Contact us

Find out how to obtain citizenship faster

Contact us

Turkish Citizenship Through Marriage to a Citizen

If your spouse is a Turkish citizen, a separate pathway to citizenship is available to you. It is considered relatively simple, though not fast.

The main condition is to be in an official marriage with a Turkish citizen for at least three years at the time of application. The marriage must be genuine and not fictitious for the purpose of obtaining a passport. Authorities carefully verify the authenticity of the relationship: cohabitation, the presence of joint children, photographs, correspondence, financial ties—anything that demonstrates real family life. You may be invited to separate interviews, and acquaintances or neighbors may even be questioned. The goal is to ensure that the marriage is not fictitious.

Additional requirements for the applicant are similar to the general ones: no threat to public security, compliance with the law, and good character. There are no direct requirements regarding language proficiency or income, although it is obvious that after three years of family life you are likely to have basic Turkish skills and financial stability together with your spouse.

Importantly, it is not mandatory to live all three years in Turkey. The law allows spouses to reside abroad, for example if the Turkish citizen works outside the country. In this case, the application is submitted through a Turkish consulate, but it is necessary to prove that the marriage is genuine and that the Turkish spouse also permanently resides with the applicant in that country. In practice, however, living outside Turkey is not always advantageous: the authorities may be more skeptical if you are not integrated into Turkish society. For this reason, many couples choose to move to Turkey at least for the duration of the application process.

Procedure: after the three-year marriage period has elapsed, you collect the required documents (marriage certificate, a copy of the spouse’s ID and passport, proof of joint residence such as a rental contract, utility bills, photo albums, and similar evidence) and submit an application to the local Directorate of Population and Citizenship Affairs (Nüfus ve Vatandaşlık İşleri) at your place of residence in Turkey. If you live abroad, the application is submitted through the consular section of the Turkish embassy. This is followed by document verification and, if necessary, an interview. If everything is successful, approval is granted after some time (from several months to about a year), and you become a citizen.

Advantages of the marriage route: there is no requirement to wait five years—you can apply two years earlier; there are no mandatory large investments or formal exams. Disadvantages: this route is not universal, as not everyone has this basis. In addition, it must not be abused: a fictitious marriage is a criminal offense in Turkey and is relatively easy to detect during inspections. However, if the marriage is genuine, there are no risks—divorce several years after obtaining citizenship does not result in the loss of the passport.

Children from a mixed marriage. If you have a child from a marriage with a Turkish citizen, the child usually already has Turkish citizenship by birth (through the Turkish parent). When applying for your own citizenship, you simply include the child, and their status is confirmed documentarily (they are issued a Turkish birth certificate and passport). If the child was born before the marriage or from a previous relationship, they do not automatically receive citizenship; however, after you obtain citizenship, the process for the child can often be simplified (for example, through investment or a residence permit, depending on the circumstances).

In summary, marriage to a Turkish citizen is a genuine opportunity to obtain a passport by integrating into local society through family life. Many expatriates follow this path naturally by forming families in Turkey. The state, in turn, is interested in granting citizenship to those who have tied their lives to Turkish citizens, as this strengthens social ties and demographics.

Turkish Citizenship by Investment

A separate category is the investment citizenship program, which has become very popular in recent years. In essence, it is a legal way to purchase Turkish citizenship by investing funds into the country’s economy. The program operates on the basis of a government decree and is available to investors from any country.

The main investment options for obtaining citizenship in 2026 are as follows:

• Purchase of real estate worth at least USD 400,000. This is the most popular option. You must purchase one or more residential or commercial properties with a total value of at least USD 400,000. It is mandatory to obtain a title deed (Tapu) and to hold the property for a minimum of three years (a restriction on sale is registered in the land registry). After three years, the property may be sold while the citizenship is retained. The property may be rented out to generate income, which is an additional advantage. It is important that the seller is a Turkish citizen (purchases from foreign sellers are not counted) and that an independent appraiser confirms the market value of approximately USD 400,000.
• Bank deposit of at least USD 500,000. This is an alternative for those who do not wish to purchase real estate. An amount equivalent to USD 500,000 can be placed in a Turkish bank as a fixed-term deposit for at least three years. The investor may use the interest generated by the deposit, but the principal amount cannot be withdrawn during the three-year period. After this term, the funds may be withdrawn or left in the account.
• Investment in government bonds or fund assets of at least USD 500,000. Another option is to purchase Turkish government bonds in the amount of at least USD 500,000 and hold them for three years, or to invest the same amount in units of a Turkish investment fund (including venture or pension funds). These options also require holding the assets for three years. Bond investments may generate coupon income, and fund investments may generate dividends, if applicable.
• Establishment of a company employing 50 Turkish citizens. This is an investment through employment: if you establish a business and employ at least 50 Turkish citizens on a full-time basis, you may also qualify for citizenship. This requirement must be maintained at least during the review period (and the business cannot be closed immediately afterward). This route is less popular, as it requires organizing and maintaining a relatively large business.
• Direct investment in fixed capital of at least USD 500,000. This includes contributions to the share capital of a Turkish company or the purchase of shares in Turkish companies in the amount of at least USD 500,000. In terms of amount and substance, this option is similar to other financial investment routes.

For all financial options (except real estate, where the threshold is USD 400,000), the applicable amount is USD 500,000. Previously, prior to 2022, the thresholds were lower (real estate from USD 250,000), but the current amounts apply today. They may be revised in 2026, but as of now the stated figures are in effect.

The process of obtaining citizenship through investment is significantly faster and simpler than naturalization. First, the investment must be completed; once the investment requirement is fulfilled, a citizenship application package is submitted to a specialized department (usually in Ankara), either personally or through lawyers. Applications are reviewed under an accelerated procedure within the program. Processing times typically range from six to twelve months until a decision is issued. The investor has the right to include family members in the application: a spouse and children under the age of 18 receive citizenship simultaneously with the main applicant without any increase in the investment amount. Exams, interviews, and language tests are NOT required for investors. Residence in Turkey is also not required (the entire process can be handled through a power of attorney, with the investor visiting only for the transaction and biometric procedures).

After citizenship is approved, the investor takes the oath and receives a national identification number, an internal ID card (Kimlik), and an international passport. The investment must be maintained for at least three years; otherwise, citizenship may be revoked if a violation is discovered (for example, selling the property before the required period constitutes a breach of conditions and may result in annulment of the passport). After this period, the investor is free to dispose of the assets at their discretion, while the citizenship remains valid for life.

The “Turkish citizenship by investment” program attracts many applicants due to its combination of a relatively low entry threshold (for comparison, Cyprus previously required more than EUR 2 million, and some EU countries require around EUR 500,000), speed, and favorable conditions. It is therefore not surprising that thousands of families have obtained Turkish passports through this route in recent years. It is essentially a fast track to citizenship—without language requirements, exams, or a five-year waiting period. The key requirement is the legal origin of funds (Turkish authorities verify the source of money, especially in light of past money-laundering cases). If everything is transparent, you can become a full-fledged Turkish citizen within a few months after making the investment.

Citizenship for Special Merits and Exceptional Cases

A separate category consists of exceptional cases of citizenship, where a passport is granted by a decision of the head of state for special merits. As mentioned earlier, this includes cases in which citizenship is granted to athletes, scientists, artists, major investors without reference to a fixed investment amount, as well as individuals who are of particular interest to the country for various reasons. For example, the President may grant citizenship to a well-known foreign actor or writer from a friendly country as a sign of respect, or to an athlete so that they may compete for the Turkish national team.

In addition, in special circumstances, political refugees and stateless persons may be granted citizenship on humanitarian grounds. However, this is relatively rare; such individuals are usually granted long-term asylum first, with citizenship coming later through naturalization.

There are also cases of collective presidential decrees. For example, following events in Syria, Turkey simplified the process of obtaining citizenship for certain Syrian refugees with education and professional qualifications in order to integrate them into society. These programs are not public and are implemented selectively.

In general, if you do not have a marriage to a Turkish citizen, five years of residence, or USD 400,000 for investment, but you represent value to Turkey, it is theoretically possible to petition for citizenship on the basis of special merit through the relevant ministries. However, this path requires significant support, connections, and time, and should not be relied upon as a realistic plan. It is more a matter of fortunate circumstances available to only a few.

Example: In 2021, several well-known foreign basketball players received Turkish citizenship to strengthen the national team—their candidacies were approved by the Ministry of Sports, and the President signed the decree. Another example is a number of Iranian scientists working in Turkey who were granted citizenship for their contribution to research. Such cases are rare and usually become news stories.

Thus, we have reviewed all the main pathways—from birth to investment. Next, we will look at how the citizenship application process works in practice and which documents are required.

Procedure for Obtaining Turkish Citizenship

The transition from foreigner status to citizenship involves several stages. The overall process is largely similar for different grounds (naturalization, marriage, investment), with only certain details differing. Below is a step-by-step outline of the standard procedure, with notes in parentheses highlighting nuances for specific cases.

1. Determining the legal basis and preliminary preparation. First, it is necessary to clearly determine the basis on which you will apply: residence (5 years), marriage (3+ years), investment (USD 400,000+), descent, and so on. The list of required documents and the overall strategy depend on this choice. You should assess whether you meet all the conditions (length of residence, sufficiency of investment, duration of marriage, etc.). It is advisable to consult a lawyer, especially if your situation is complex. At this stage, it is also worth estimating the budget and timelines. (For example, an investor needs to decide which investment option to choose—real estate or a bank deposit—while a naturalization applicant must ensure continuous residence permit status.)
2. Collecting documents in your home country and having them translated. Most applicants must prepare a number of documents from their country of citizenship. At a minimum, these include: an international passport, a birth certificate, and a criminal record certificate. If a family is applying, a marriage certificate and children’s birth certificates are also required. All documents must be translated into Turkish and notarized, and then apostilled (or legalized at a consulate). These formalities ensure that Turkish authorities will accept the documents. A document confirming current citizenship is also often required (for example, a certificate stating that you are a citizen of a particular country—sometimes the passport itself is sufficient). Preparation should begin well in advance, as obtaining a criminal record certificate in some countries may take several weeks. (For investors, it is important at this stage to issue powers of attorney to Turkish lawyers if you want them to handle part of the process on your behalf.)
3. Arrival in Turkey (if required) and local formalities. Depending on the chosen pathway, a personal visit to Turkey may be required. For example, an investor needs to travel to Turkey to open a bank account and select real estate. Those already residing in Turkey are already present. A foreign spouse is also advised to be in the country at the time of application, at least for the interview. At this stage (if not done earlier), a bank account is opened, a Turkish tax number is obtained, and a residence permit is issued if required. The investor selects a property, completes the purchase transaction, and registers the title deed (Tapu). It is important to collect all receipts, appraisal reports, and bank statements, as they will be included in the application package.
4. Submitting the citizenship application. Once all documents are ready, the official application is submitted. In Turkey, citizenship matters are handled by the Directorate of Population and Citizenship Affairs (Nüfus ve Vatandaşlık İşleri) under the Ministry of Interior. Each provincial center has a migration office where documents can be submitted in person or through a representative (with a power of attorney). Abroad, applications are accepted by the consular section of a Turkish embassy. You submit the standard application form, all collected documents, photographs, and pay the state fee (several hundred Turkish lira; the payment receipt must also be included). For investors, applications are usually submitted by lawyers directly to the central authority in Ankara. After submission, you receive confirmation and a case number.
5. Review and background checks. After submission, the waiting period begins. The file is reviewed by various authorities. The Ministry of Interior requests information from the police, gendarmerie, and the National Intelligence Organization (MIT) to check for any criminal background or security risks. The authenticity of documents is verified, and inquiries may be sent to your home country (for example, through Interpol, regarding criminal records). In naturalization cases, authorities may visit your registered address to confirm actual residence and speak with neighbors. Spouses may be visited unexpectedly at home or summoned for interviews to verify genuine cohabitation. In investment cases, a financial review is conducted: whether the property meets the criteria, the origin of funds (compliance checks), and whether there are any violations of currency regulations. At this stage, the applicant usually does not need to take any action, as the process takes place within government agencies. If necessary, you may be asked to provide additional information or documents. For example, there have been cases where naturalization applicants were invited to take a language exam if the interview raised doubts—this could be a test at an education department or a repeat interview with the commission.
6. Decision and oath of allegiance. After all checks are completed, the case is submitted to a commission or directly for approval by the minister or the president (for investors, by presidential decree). If the decision is positive, you are notified that you have been granted citizenship. You are then invited to an oath-taking ceremony (Yemin Töreni). The new citizen takes an oath of allegiance to the Republic of Turkey—this is a formality, usually involving the reading of a short text in the presence of a migration officer. After taking the oath, you officially become a citizen and may obtain your documents. First, an internal identity card (kimlik) is issued (an ID card required for all domestic administrative matters). You may then apply for a Turkish international passport. The passport is produced by the state within a few days and is either handed to you personally or sent by mail. Turkey currently issues biometric passports with a chip; the fee depends on the period of validity (for a 10-year passport, the state fee is approximately 3,000–4,000 Turkish lira). Upon receiving the passport, you become a full-fledged citizen with all corresponding rights and obligations.
7. Notification of your home country (if required). If your original country of citizenship requires notification of the acquisition of a second citizenship, be sure to comply with this obligation. For example, Russian citizens must notify the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs within 60 days of acquiring another citizenship; citizens of Kazakhstan were required to obtain prior permission (otherwise Kazakh citizenship is lost); and Ukraine does not formally recognize dual citizenship, with renunciation procedures being a separate matter. These issues concern relations with your home country. Turkey itself does not notify other states of your new status; this responsibility lies with you.

Overall, the procedure is fairly standardized and transparent. For investors, many steps are handled by consultants, up to and including passport issuance via power of attorney. For other applicants, it is important to carefully prepare documents and patiently wait while complying with the law. On average, review periods are about 6 to 18 months for naturalization, around one year for marriage-based applications, and up to one year for investment cases (sometimes faster). Delays may occur, for example, if a particular authority takes longer to respond. Nevertheless, by following this procedure, thousands of foreigners become citizens of Turkey each year.

Not sure which Turkish citizenship pathway is right for you? Every case is different. A mistake at the start can cost months of time or even lead to rejection. 👉 Get a personalized immigration program assessment — we will analyze your background, goals, and budget and recommend the most effective and legal route to second citizenship in 2026.

Requirements for Citizenship Applicants

Let us summarize the key legal requirements for those applying for Turkish citizenship. Many of these have already been mentioned, but here they are presented together for clarity:

• Period of permanent residence: Five years in the case of standard naturalization. Exceptions include three years of marriage, immediate eligibility for children of Turkish citizens, and zero years for investors (who are not required to live in Turkey at all). Long absences are not permitted: no more than six months per year outside the country. Years spent studying are counted at half value, while time spent on tourist status is not counted.
• Lawful grounds of stay: The applicant must hold a valid residence permit or another legal status throughout the entire required period. Illegal stay or stay based solely on a visa is not counted. This means the applicant must have held, for example, a work permit, a family residence permit, a long-term residence permit, and similar legal statuses.
• Knowledge of the Turkish language: The required level is not clearly defined, but basic conversational proficiency (A2–B1 level) is generally expected. The citizenship “exam” is limited to a language check during an interview. There are no complex tests on history or the constitution, as in some other countries, but knowledge of the language is required, especially for naturalization.
• No criminal record or serious violations: A criminal record certificate must be provided. Serious crimes in the past almost certainly lead to refusal. Authorities also check for major legal issues in Turkey during the period of residence—previous deportation or serious immigration violations constitute an obstacle. Security checks may also include screening for extremism, links to terrorist organizations, and similar concerns; in such cases, the decision is at the discretion of the authorities.
• Financial self-sufficiency: You must have sufficient funds or income to support yourself. For example, applicants are often required to provide a bank statement or an employer’s salary certificate. The amount should at least cover basic living expenses. If you have a family, income must be sufficient for all dependents. For retirees, a pension or sponsorship from children may be sufficient. In any case, the applicant should not appear to be someone who would immediately rely on state social assistance.
• Integration and intention to live in Turkey: As discussed earlier, applicants are expected to demonstrate ties to the country—such as property ownership, business activity, marriage, children in Turkey, and participation in social life. If it appears that a person formally resided in Turkey for five years but actually spent most of that time abroad, the application may be refused due to insufficient attachment. Therefore, genuine residence and integration are especially important in naturalization cases.
• Renunciation of previous citizenship: An important nuance is that the law allows authorities to require renunciation of existing citizenship, but this requirement is applied at their discretion. In practice in recent years, Turkey has almost never required renunciation. Exceptions are very rare and may occur if the applicant’s home country is in conflict with Turkey or for other special considerations. In about 99% of cases, dual citizenship is permitted.
• Military service: A specific requirement for men is the potential obligation of military service. The conscription age in Turkey extends up to 41. A newly naturalized male citizen under approximately 22–25 years of age who has not served elsewhere may theoretically be called up for six months of service or offered the option to pay a fee for exemption (in recent years, the “bedelli” option—paying around USD 3,000 and completing a short course). If the applicant is over 30, this issue is usually not raised. Nevertheless, it should be taken into account. In some cases, especially for investors and those naturalized at a mature age, authorities grant automatic exemption.
• Loyalty and respect for the law: It is assumed that the applicant respects the constitutional order of Turkey and has not engaged in anti-state activities. When applying, the applicant must sign a declaration of loyalty to the Constitution and the Republic. As in any country, authorities expect reliability and good faith from candidates.

If all requirements are met, the chances of approval are very high. Statistics show that the majority of applications are approved. Refusals occur for objective reasons: insufficient length of residence, forged documents, security concerns, or a fictitious marriage. Sometimes refusals are issued without explanation—in such cases, an applicant may either reapply after some time, correcting possible deficiencies, or attempt to appeal (which is difficult and rarely successful).

As of 2026, no new strict requirements have been introduced, and the process remains relatively transparent and attainable. Turkey is generally interested in accepting new citizens, especially those who are law-abiding and economically active. The key is to meet the listed criteria and ensure that all documents are prepared correctly.

Check your chances of getting a passport in Turkey free of charge

Leave a request for a free consultation with an immigration specialist at your convenient time

Free Consultation

Processing Timeframes and Costs

How long you will have to wait and how much it will cost are no less important questions for an applicant.

Timeframes for Obtaining Citizenship

• Minimum residence requirement: 5 years of residence (naturalization), 3 years of marriage, immediate eligibility by birth, and 0 years for investors (although a few months are needed to complete the investment). These periods apply up to the moment of application. The countdown starts from the moment the first residence permit is obtained and continuous residence in the country begins. Some applicants manage to obtain citizenship in about six years from scratch (5 years of residence permits + approximately 1 year of review).
• Application review period: the document processing itself takes on average 6–12 months. Investment cases are often closer to the lower end—starting from about 8 months according to official information (and in ideal cases even 4–6 months). Naturalization and marriage-based applications usually take around 12 months, although they often extend to 1.5–2 years if many checks are involved. Record-fast cases are 3–4 months (for very “simple” investors), while the longest cases have taken up to 3 years (there have been reports of applications being reviewed for extremely long periods, likely due to bureaucracy or doubts). However, in most cases, people receive their passport in about a year from the date of application.
• What can speed up or slow down the process? It is difficult to speed things up on your own, except by working with a competent lawyer who monitors and pushes the process. Delays are often caused by staff shortages in migration offices and backlogs during peak application periods. The process may also slow down if additional checks are required (for example, if extra documents are requested—the clock keeps running while you prepare them). Investment applications go through a separate channel and receive priority. Marriage-based cases may be delayed due to verification of the authenticity of the relationship. Overall, applicants should be prepared to wait about a year.
• Passport issuance: after approval, you are already a citizen, but to obtain a Turkish passport you must submit a separate application for passport issuance at the passport office (under the Ministry of Interior). Biometric passports are produced quickly—usually within a few days to two weeks, depending on urgency (there is an expedited option for an additional fee, but even the standard process is quite fast). In large cities, passports can be issued within 1–2 days. Therefore, the physical passport itself does not significantly affect the overall timeline.

A typical case looks like this: a foreigner spends 5 years in the country plus about 1 year for processing, totaling roughly 6 years from relocation to passport. An investor spends a few months on the purchase and formalities plus about 8 months for review, totaling less than 1.5 years. A spouse spends 3 years in marriage plus about 1 year for review, totaling around 4 years from the wedding.

Financial Costs

State fees and related expenses include:

• State fee for submitting a citizenship application: relatively small. For comparison, in 2023 the fee for issuing a citizenship certificate was about 200 Turkish lira (less than USD 10). It may have been indexed since then, but it remains insignificant. There is a separate fee for the passport, which depends on the validity period: for a 10-year passport it is about 3,300 TL (approximately USD 120), plus about 225 TL (around USD 8) for the passport booklet. In total, a 10-year passport for an adult costs about 3,500 TL (just over USD 125). For children, shorter validity periods are cheaper.
• Translations and notarization: each document issued in another country must be translated and notarized. A notarized translation of a passport costs about 200–300 TL (USD 10–15), certificates cost roughly the same, and certificates of record cost about 100–200 TL. Apostilles in the home country are often free or inexpensive. Costs depend on the number of documents. On average, a family file may require USD 200–300 for translations and notarization.
• Health insurance: to obtain a residence permit and during the review period, local health insurance is required (especially if you reside in Turkey under a residence permit). This is not a direct citizenship expense, but within the overall process it typically costs USD 50–300 per year per person, depending on age and coverage. For investors, it is not mandatory if they do not reside in the country, but many still obtain short-term insurance.
• Lawyer or consultant services: optional. Whether to hire a firm is a personal choice. Simple cases are often handled independently. However, migration companies offer turnkey services, which are especially popular among investors (where it is difficult to proceed without a local lawyer due to transactions, property checks, and bureaucracy). Fees vary widely—from USD 2,000–3,000 for naturalization support to USD 20,000 or more for full investor support for a family. Some firms charge a flat fee, others a percentage of the property value. If the budget allows, professional assistance saves time and stress and, most importantly, reduces the risk of refusal due to errors.
• Additional investor expenses: when purchasing real estate for USD 400,000, do not forget the 4% property transfer tax (usually split with the seller, meaning about USD 8,000 on your side), property valuation costs of about USD 300, title deed (Tapu) fees of about USD 200–500, and agent commission of 2–3% (which can sometimes be avoided if buying directly from a developer). Investors must also pay for an investor residence permit (this is a mandatory step): the residence permit fee is about USD 50, and the residence card costs around USD 20. In total, ancillary expenses for a real estate investment may amount to USD 10,000–15,000 on top of the property price. For bank deposits, expenses are minimal (bank transfer fees and certificates).
• Living in Turkey for five years: if you pursue naturalization, keep in mind that for five years you will incur costs for rent, living expenses, and so on. These are not formal processing costs, but they are a financial factor. Rental prices in Turkey have increased; in Istanbul or Antalya, a family may need USD 500–1,000 per month for an apartment. Over five years, this adds up to a significant amount, which can also be considered a kind of “price of citizenship” if you relocated specifically for this purpose. At the same time, these expenses are for your daily life and comfort.
• Hidden expenses: for example, if you lack sufficient official employment history, you may be asked to show a certain amount of funds in your bank account as a guarantee. This amount must be reserved. Or, to obtain a criminal record certificate, you may need to travel to your home country, incurring airfare costs. There are many such minor expenses, and each situation is unique.

As a result, the overall cost varies greatly depending on the chosen route. Rough comparisons can be made as follows:

• Naturalization: state fees USD 200, translations USD 200, residence permit fees over five years USD 500, plus living expenses (rent, etc.—variable). Direct document-related costs are around USD 1,000 or less.
• Marriage: even cheaper, as marriage-based residence permits are usually free or inexpensive, with translations and fees totaling about USD 200–300.
• Investment: in addition to USD 400,000, an extra USD 15,000–30,000 may be spent on related costs and services. In other words, Turkish citizenship costs around USD 415,000 for an investor (of which USD 400,000 is a recoverable asset in the form of real estate, and USD 15,000 is non-refundable expenses). Compared to “golden passport” programs in other countries, this is very competitive.

Return on investment: Interestingly, many investors sell their property after three years, often at a profit, given that Turkish real estate prices have grown by about 10–20% per year in foreign currency terms. As a result, some effectively obtain the passport almost “for free,” or even at a profit—they gain citizenship and their property appreciates. Of course, there are no guarantees, but the Turkish real estate market has been highly dynamic.

It should also be noted that children under 18 are included free of charge in all cases. However, children over 18, if they do not have special grounds, cannot be included in an investor’s or spouse’s application and must follow their own pathway (study, work for more than five years, or their own marriage). This sometimes forces families to seek compromises (for example, investor parents obtain citizenship, while a 20-year-old son does not yet qualify and instead receives a long-term residence permit or applies separately after five years).

Need legal assistance with Turkish citizenship? 👉 Consult our experienced citizenship lawyers — we provide full legal support at every stage, from eligibility assessment to obtaining a second passport, including complex and non-standard cases.

Is Dual Citizenship Allowed in Turkey?

The state’s policy regarding second citizenship is fairly liberal. Turkish legislation does not prohibit its citizens from holding passports of other countries. Upon naturalization (except in isolated cases), there is no requirement to renounce previous citizenship. Turkey openly recognizes dual and even multiple citizenship.

This means that after becoming a Turkish citizen, you usually retain your original passport. For example, thousands of new citizens from Russia, Iran, and Iraq continue to be citizens of their home countries at the same time without any issues. Turkish authorities even allow two surnames (a Turkish and a foreign one) to be listed on identity documents upon request, so that you can use both. Many services (including banking services) take into account that a person may hold two passports.

However, you must consider the laws of your country of origin. There are several possible scenarios:

• Some countries prohibit dual citizenship. For example, China, India, Saudi Arabia, and Belarus: if a citizen acquires another citizenship, they automatically lose the original one (or must formally renounce it). If you are from such a country, you need to think carefully—either not report it (although some countries consider acquiring another citizenship a serious offense with possible consequences), or accept the loss of your original passport. Turkey does not monitor such issues; the decision is yours.
• Many countries allow dual citizenship without restrictions: Russia, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, and others. For citizens of these countries, holding a second citizenship (including Turkish) is fully legal. Usually, only notification of the authorities is required. For example, a Russian citizen must inform the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs about acquiring Turkish citizenship, but this is purely a bureaucratic requirement—there is no prohibition on dual citizenship itself. Citizens of the United States or EU countries generally do not need to take any action at all and may legally hold multiple passports.
• Some countries allow dual citizenship but with conditions. For example, Germany and Austria generally do not allow dual citizenship upon naturalization—meaning that if a German citizen voluntarily acquires Turkish citizenship, they must renounce German citizenship (with some exceptions, such as special permission or cases where the second citizenship was acquired at birth). Conversely, if a Turkish citizen acquires German citizenship, Germany usually requires renunciation of Turkish citizenship (again, with certain exceptions). As a result, many Turks in Germany conceal their second citizenship, even though they are formally required to renounce it. This illustrates how different jurisdictions may conflict.
• A special case—countries that do not recognize but do not explicitly prohibit dual citizenship. For example, Ukraine officially does not recognize dual citizenship (it considers only Ukrainian citizenship), but there is no clear mechanism for punishment for acquiring another citizenship. Ukraine simply continues to treat such a person as solely its citizen while they are on Ukrainian territory. As a result, tens of thousands of Ukrainians hold a second passport (including Turkish) unofficially. The key is not to present the second passport when entering Ukraine. Citizens of some other post-Soviet countries act similarly.

Risks of dual citizenship: Keep in mind that holding two passports involves not only advantages but also obligations to comply with the laws of both countries. For example, you may become subject to military service obligations in two countries. There may also be tax issues—such as dual tax residency—although Turkey has double taxation treaties with many countries to mitigate this. Another nuance is consular protection. If you are in Turkey and encounter problems, the consulate of your first country may refuse to assist you because you are a Turkish citizen; from Turkey’s perspective, you are its own citizen, and a foreign consulate will not intervene. Conversely, when you are in your country of first citizenship, Turkey cannot provide you with consular protection there.

In summary: dual citizenship is permitted in Turkey, and when obtaining a Turkish passport you will almost never be required to give up your previous one. The only exceptions arise if you choose to do so yourself or if your home country requires it. Be sure to study the legislation of your country of origin to avoid violations. Turkey, for its part, is happy to accept you as a citizen without demanding that you “cut ties” with your past.

Obtaining Turkish citizenship is a serious step that opens many opportunities for you and your family. Of course, mistakes and pitfalls can occur. To avoid them, it is important to approach the process responsibly and carefully. Study official instructions on your own (the website of the Turkish Ministry of Interior, Nüfus ve Vatandaşlık İşleri, contains relevant sections and sometimes even English- or Russian-language guidelines). If you feel uncertain, it is better to involve a specialist.

It is recommended to start by analyzing your grounds. Ask yourself: on which basis is it easiest for me to obtain citizenship? Perhaps you already have a Turkish spouse, or you have been living in Turkey for a long time due to work—then you should prepare documents for naturalization. Or perhaps you are considering investments—then assess your financial capabilities and choose an investment option. In any case, planning is the first step toward success.

Do not hesitate to consult migration companies or lawyers specializing in citizenship matters. Many offer an initial consultation free of charge. Professionals can help assess your chances and suggest the optimal pathway (and a good consultant will also tell you if another option might suit you better than Turkey). Lawyers are also aware of the latest legislative changes that may not be obvious to the average person.

Frequently Asked Questions about Turkish citizenship

We have compiled answers to the most common questions about obtaining Turkish citizenship. If you did not find the information you were looking for or want to learn more about the requirements, timelines, and benefits of a Turkish passport, contact us for a free consultation.

How many years do you need to live in Turkey to obtain citizenship?

Under standard naturalization, you must live in Turkey for at least five years on legal grounds (with a residence permit), without long absences. The period is reduced to three years if you are married to a Turkish citizen, and residence is not required at all for citizenship by investment.

Where can you travel with a Turkish passport?

A Turkish passport allows travel to more than 120 countries visa-free or with a visa on arrival, including Japan, South Korea, Singapore, countries of Latin America, and the Middle East. Turkish citizens also find it easier to obtain long-term visas for the Schengen Area and the United States.

How strong is the Turkish passport?

The Turkish passport is considered strong and versatile: it offers high mobility, access to U.S. visas (including the E-2 investor visa), the right to live and work in Turkey without restrictions, and full social guarantees. In global rankings, it consistently places within the top 50 passports.

Is it possible to have two citizenships in Turkey?

Yes, dual citizenship is allowed in Turkey — there is no requirement to renounce your first passport. Restrictions may arise only from the laws of your home country, so it is important to take them into account.

Is it possible to apply for citizenship online?

Turkey has not implemented a fully online citizenship application process—personal submission of documents is required. However, there is an electronic appointment system. You can fill out a preliminary form on the Ministry of Interior website or via e-Devlet and reserve an appointment time. In some provinces, certain documents (for example, passport applications) can be submitted through online services. Nevertheless, the final document package must still be submitted in person. Abroad, personal attendance at a Turkish consulate is also required.

Is it necessary to take a language or history exam to obtain citizenship?

There is no strictly regulated exam (such as the Life in the UK Test or the U.S. civics test). The Turkish citizenship exam is essentially a check of your Turkish language proficiency. This usually takes the form of an interview with an officer who asks questions about your biography and may ask you to talk about your family, work, and plans—in Turkish. If you can communicate freely, this is considered sufficient. There is no requirement to study history or legislation specifically for the exam.

Is it required to live permanently in Turkey after obtaining citizenship? Can you leave for a long time?

After you become a citizen, there are no residence requirements. A Turkish citizen has the right to live anywhere and for any length of time; the passport remains valid regardless of residence. Your status no longer depends on staying in the country. You may immediately move abroad permanently and still retain Turkish citizenship for life. Citizenship is not revoked for non-residence; revocation is possible only for serious crimes (such as terrorism) or for fraud discovered in the application process. Thus, with a Turkish passport, you could live in Bali and only return once every ten years to renew your passport.